Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial

References

• Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinically oriented anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Chumanov ES, Schache AG, Heiderscheit BC, et al. Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late swing phase of sprinting. Br. J. Sports Med.. 2012;46(2):90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sando JP, McCambridge TM. Nontraumatic sports injuries to the lower extremity. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2013;14(4):327–339.
   Google Scholar
• Williams DSB, Welch LM. Male and female runners demonstrate different sagittal plane mechanics as a function of static hamstring flexibility. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015;19(5):421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems TM, Cornelis JAM, De Deurwaerder LEP, et al. The effect of ankle muscle strength and flexibility on dolphin kick performance in competitive swimmers. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;36:167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bade M, Baertlein S, Bouten T, et al. A comparison of lower extremity alignment risk factors between competitive and recreational runners. Orthopaedic Phys Ther Pract. 2016;28(2):100–108.
   Google Scholar
• Rabin A, Kozol Z, Spitzer E, et al. Ankle dorsiflexion among healthy men with different qualities of lower extremity movement. J. Athl. Train.. 2014;49(5):617–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson G, Barnes CA, Portas MD. Factors associated with increased propensity for hamstring injury in english premier league soccer players. J. Sci. Med. Sport.. 2010;13(4):397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Garrett WE, Moorman CT, et al. Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: a review of the literature. J Sport Health Sci. 2012;1(2):92–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opar MDA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury.. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry G, Vyas N, Sheth M. Comparison of hamstrings flexibility in subjects with chronic low back pain versus normal individuals. J Clin Exp Res. 2014;2(1):85.
   Google Scholar
• Mistry GS, Vyas NJ, Sheth MS. Comparison Of The Effect Of Active Release Technique Versus Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching (Modified Hold-Relax) On Hamstring Flexibility In Patients Having Chronic Low Back Pain. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2015;6(5):66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Raftry SM, Marshall PWM. Does a ‘tight’ hamstring predict low back pain reporting during prolonged standing?. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.. 2012;22(3):407–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala F, De Baranda Andújar PS. de Baranda Andujar PS. Effect of 3 different active stretch durations on hip flexion range of motion. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(2):430–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas SR, Vilarinho D, Rocha Vaz J, et al. Responses to static stretching are dependent on stretch intensity and duration. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging.. 2015;35(6):478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani DJ, Terry ME, Haines MA, et al. Effect of stretch frequency and sex on the rate of gain and rate of loss in muscle flexibility during a hamstring-stretching program: a randomized single-blind longitudinal study. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(8):2119–2129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AW, Mitchell UH, Meek K, et al. Hamstring flexibility increases the same with 3 or 9 repetitions of stretching held for a total time of 90 s. Phys Ther Sport. 2014;15(2):101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall PWM, Cashman A, Cheema BS. A randomized controlled trial for the effect of passive stretching on measures of hamstring extensibility, passive stiffness, strength, and stretch tolerance. J. Sci. Med. Sport.. 2011;14(6):535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi M, Akre A. Comparative effectiveness of static stretch and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (pnf) stretch on hamstring flexibility in young adult females. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther Int J. 2015;9(3):216.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Moitra M. Efficacy of muscle energy technique and pnf stretching compared to conventional physiotherapy in program of hamstring flexibility in chronic nonspecific low back pain. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther Int J. 2015;9(3):103.
   Google Scholar
• Kannan P, Winser SJ, Comparison A. Study of 3 stretching protocols on hamstrings length. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2011;5(3):122–125.
   Google Scholar
• Vidhi S, Anuprita T, Asmita K, et al. Comparison of PNF technique with NDS technique for hamstrings tightness in asymptomatic subjects. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther Int J. 2014;8(3):158–161.
   Google Scholar
• Sundaram MS, Arun B. Comparing the effects of various pnf stretching in improving the hamstrings flexibility in athletes. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther Int J. 2016;10(4):43.
   Google Scholar
• Lim K-I, Nam H-C, Jung K-S. Effects on hamstring muscle extensibility, muscle activity, and balance of different stretching techniques. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(2):209–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Hora J, Cartwright A, Wade CD, et al. Efficacy of static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretch on hamstrings length after a single session. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(6):1586–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meena V, Shanthi C, Madhavi K. Effectiveness of PNF stretching versus static stretching on pain and hamstring flexibility following moist heat in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Physiotherapy. 2016;3(5):529–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim MS, Ozyurek S, Oç T, et al. Comparison of effects of static, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and Mulligan stretching on hip flexion range of motion: a randomized controlled trial. Biol Sport. 2017;34(1):89–94.
   Google Scholar
• Venkata Naga Prahalada K, Ammar Mohammed Ali M. Static versus PNF stretching in hamstring flexibility-a comparative study. International Journal of Physiotherapy. 2015;2(3):513–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DS, Ashby PE, McCale KL, et al. The effectiveness of 3 stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility using consistent stretching parameters. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(1):27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magalhães FEX, Junior ARDM, Meneses HTDS, et al. de Mesquita Junior AR. Comparison of the effects of hamstring stretching using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with prior application of cryotherapy or ultrasound therapy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(5):1549–1553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker RT, Nasypany A, Seegmiller JG, et al. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization treatment for tissue extensibility dysfunction. Int J Athletic Ther Train. 2013;18:16–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker RT, Hansberger BL, Warren L, et al. A novel approach for the reversal of chronic apparent hamstring tightness: a case report.. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(5):723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looney B, Srokose T, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, et al. Graston instrument soft tissue mobilization and home stretching for the management of plantar heel pain: a case series. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther.. 2011;34(2):138–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardiman JP, Siedlik J, Herda T, et al. Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization: effects on the Properties of Human Plantar Flexors. Int. J. Sports Med.. 2015;36(3):197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss AJ, Klene FJ, Gundeck EL, et al. Treatment of a patient with post-natal chronic calf pain utilizing instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization: a case study. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(3):127–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terry Loghmani M, Bayliss AJ, Clayton G, et al. Successful treatment of a guitarist with a finger joint injury using instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization: a case report. J Man Manip Ther. 2015;23(5):246–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheatham SW, Lee M, Cain M, et al. The efficacy of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization: a systematic review. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2016;60(3):200–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page P. Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature.. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(5):726–736.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markovic G. Acute effects of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization vs. foam rolling on knee and hip range of motion in soccer players. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015;19(4):690–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muyor JM, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Alacid F, et al. Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests as a measure of hamstring extensibility in athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):546–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala F, Sainz De Baranda P, De Ste Croix M, et al. Sainz de Baranda P, De Ste Croix M, Santonja F. Reproducibility and concurrent validity of hip joint angle test for estimating hamstring flexibility in recreationally active young men. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(9):2372–2382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, et al. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajdosik RL. Passive extensibility of skeletal muscle: review of the literature with clinical implications. Clin Biomech. 2001;16(2):87–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge KM, Ryan ED, Costa PB, et al. Gender differences in musculotendinous stiffness and range of motion after an acute bout of stretching. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2618–2626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferber R, Osternig L, Gravelle D. Effect of PNF stretch techniques on knee flexor muscle EMG activity in older adults. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.. 2002;12(5):391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youdas JW, Krause DA, Hollman JH, et al. The influence of gender and age on hamstring muscle length in healthy adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(4):246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granata KP, Wilson SE, Padua DA. Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part I. Quantification in controlled measurements of knee joint dynamics.. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.. 2002;12(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starring DT, Gossman MR, Nicholson GG, et al. Comparison of cyclic and sustained passive stretching using a mechanical device to increase resting length of hamstring muscles. Phys. Ther.. 1988;68(3):314–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer WI. Functional soft-tissue examination and treatment by manual methods. Jones & Bartlett Learning; Subdbury, 2007.
   Google Scholar