References
- Murad MH, Asi N, Alsawas M, et al. New evidence pyramid. BMJ Evidence Based Med. 2016;21(4).
- Fritz JM, Cleland J. Effectiveness versus efficacy: more than a debate over language. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:163–165.
- Deaton A, Cartwright N. Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials. Soc Sci Med. 2018;210:2–21.
- CONSORT Group, Ioannidis JP, Evans SJ, Gøtzsche PC, et al. Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(10):781–788.
- Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Inter Med. 2013;158(3):200–207.
- Zorzela L, Golder S, Liu Y, et al. Quality of reporting in systematic reviews of adverse events: systematic review. BMJ. 2014;348:f7668.
- Checkoway H, Pearce N, Kriebel D. Selecting appropriate study designs to address specific research questions in occupational epidemiology. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(9):633–638.
- Pearl J. Challenging the hegemony of randomized controlled trials: a commentary on Deaton and Cartwright. Soc Sci Med. 2018;210:60–62.
- Mulder R, Singh AB, Hamilton A, et al. The limitations of using randomised controlled trials as a basis for developing treatment guidelines. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(1):4–6.
- McClellan M, McNeil BJ, Newhouse JP. Does more intensive treatment of acute myocardial-infarction in the elderly reduce mortality - analysis using instrumental variables. JAMA. 1994;272(11):859–866.
- Brooks J, McClellan MM, Wong HS. The marginal benefits of invasive treatments for acute myocardial infarction: does insurance coverage matter? Inquiry. 2000;37(1):75–90.
- Harris KM, Remler DK. Who is the marginal patient? Understanding instrumental variables estimates of treatment effects. Health Services Res. 1998;33(5):1337–1360.
- Gelman A, Loken E. The statistical crisis in science. Am Scientist. 2004;102:460–465.
- Ioannidis JPA. Randomized controlled trials: often flawed, mostly useless, clearly indispensable: a commentary on Deaton and Cartwright. Soc Sci Med. 2018;210:53–56.
- Frieden TR. Evidence for Health Decision Making – Beyond Randomized, Controlled Trials. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(5):465–475.
- Rudolph KE, Goin DE, Paksarian D, et al. Causal mediation analysis with observational data: considerations and illustration examining mechanisms linking neighborhood poverty to adolescent substance use. Am J Epidemiol 2018. [Epub ahead of print].
- Bernstein J. Not the last word: choosing wisely. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(10):3091–3097.
- McCulloch PM, Nagendran WB, Campbell A, et al. Strategies to reduce variation in the use of surgery. Lancet. 2013;382(9898):1130–1139.
- Birkmeyer JD, Reames BN, McCulloch P, et al. Understanding of regional variation in the use of surgery. Lancet. 2013;382(9898):1121–1129.
- Cook CE, George SZ, Keefe F. Different interventions, same outcomes? Here are four good reasons. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):951–952.
- Toomey E, Currie-Murphy L, Matthews J, et al. Implementation fidelity of physiotherapist-delivered group education and exercise interventions to promote self-management in people with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain: a rapid review part II. Man Ther. 2015;20:287–294.
- Choudhry NK. Randomized, Controlled Trials in Health Insurance Systems. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):957–964.
- Sedgwick P, Greenwood N. Understanding the Hawthorne effect. BMJ. 2015;351:h4672.
- Harris J, Pedroza A, Jones GL. Predictors of pain and function in patients with symptomatic, atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears: a time-zero analysis of a prospective patient cohort enrolled in a structured physical therapy program. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(2):359–366.
- Cook C, Sheets C. Clinical equipoise and personal equipoise: two necessary ingredients for reducing bias in manual therapy trials. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(1):55–57.
- Cook C. Mode of administration bias. J Man Manip Ther. 2010;18(2):61–63.
- Cook C, Learman K, Showalter C, et al. Early use of thrust manipulation versus non-thrust manipulation: a randomized clinical trial. Man Ther. 2013;18(3):191–198.
- Bishop MD, Bialosky JE, Penza CW, et al. The influence of clinical equipoise and patient preferences on outcomes of conservative manual interventions for spinal pain: an experimental study. J Pain Res. 2017;10:965–972.