- Kelsey JE, Nemeroff CB. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: introduction and overview. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:2432-6.
- Joffe RT, Levitt AJ, Sokolov ST. Augmentation strategies: focus on anxiolytics. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 7):25-31.
- Fawcett J. Antidepressants: partial response in chronic depression. Br J Psychiatry 1994;165(suppl 26):37-41.
- Mintz J, Mintz LI, Arruda MJ, Hwang SS. Treatments for depression and the functional capacity to work. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:761-8.
- Rosen RC, Lane RM, Menza M. Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: a critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19:6785.
- Anttila SA, Leinonen EV. A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine. CNS Drug Rev 2001;7:249-64.
- Thase ME, Entsuah AR, Rudolph RL. Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:234-41.
- Hirschfeld RM. Efficacy of SSRIs and newer antidepressants in severe depression: comparison with TCAs. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:326-35.
- Frazer A. Serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors: prediction of clinical effects from in vitro potencies. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(suppl 12):16-23.
- Ascher JA, Cole JO, Colin JN, Feighner JP, Ferris RM, Fibiger HC, et al. Bupropion: a review of its mechanism of antidepressant activity. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:395-401.
- Feighner JP. Mechanism of action of antidepressant medications. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;6(Ksuppl 4):4-11.
- Szabo ST, De Montigny C, Blier P. Modulation of noradrenergic neuronal firing by selective serotonin reuptake blockers. Br J Pharmacol 1999;126:568-71.
- Bymaster FP, Dreshfield-Ahmad LJ, Threlkeld PG, Shaw JL, Thompson L, Nelson DL, et al. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;25:871-80.
- Sharma A, Goldberg MJ, Cerimele BJ. Pharmacokinetics and safety of duloxetine, a dual-serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:161-7.
- Berk M, Du Plessis AD, Birkett M, Richardt D. An open-label study of duloxetine hydrochloride, a mixed serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:137-40.
- Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt C, Lu Y, Demitrack MA. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a double-blind clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:225-31.
- Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, Rayes JR, Demitrack MA. Duloxetine, 60 mg once daily, for major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:308-15.
- Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, KrushinsM JH, Robertson DW. Comparison of norfluoxetine enantiomers as serotonin uptake inhibitors in vivo. Neuropharmacology 1992;31:997-1000.
- Fuller RW, Snoddy HD. Drug concentrations in mouse brain at pharmacologically active doses of fluoxetine enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;45:2355-8.
- Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB. Second-generation SSRIs: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and A-fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50:345-60.
- Hyttel J, B0gesø KP, Perregaard J, Sanchez C. The pharmacological effect of citalopram resides in the S-(+)-enantiomer. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1992;88:157-60.
- Montgomery SA, Loft H, Sanchez C, Reines EH, Papp M. Escitalopram (S-enantiomer of citalopram): clinical efficacy and onset of action predicted from a rat model. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;88:282-6.
- Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Giancarlo GM, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Escitalopram (S-citalopram) and its metabolites in vitro: cytochromes mediating biotransformation, inhibitory effects, and comparison to R-citalopram. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29:1102-9.
- Wade A, Lemming OM, Hedegaard KB. Escitalopram 10 mg/day is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:95-102.
- Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A. Fixed-dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:331-6.
- Stahl S, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder. Presented at the 22nd National Conference of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Austin, Texas, March 2002.
- Kasper S, Loft H, Smith JR. Escitalopram is efficacious and well-tolerated in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Presented at the 22nd National Conference of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Austin, Texas, March 2002.
- Davidson J, Bose A, Su G. Escitalopram in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Presented at the 22nd National Conference of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Austin, Texas, March 2002.
- Kasper S, El Giamal N, Hilger E. Reboxetine: the first selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000;1:771-82.
- Pacher P, Kohegyi E, Kecskemeti V, Furet S. Current trends in the development of new antidepressants. Curr Med Chem 2001;8:89-100.
- Holsboer F. Prospects for antidepressant drug discovery. Biol Psychol 2001;57:47-65.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry
Volume 11, 2003 - Issue 1