REFERENCES
- Jeste D V, Alexopoulos G S, Bartels S J, et al. Consensus statement on the upcoming crisis in geriatric mental health: research agenda for the next two decades. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 848–53, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jeste D V, Nasrallah H A. Schizophrenia and aging: no more dearth of data? [Editorial]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 584–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Salzman C, Tune L. Neuroleptic treatment of late-life schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2001; 9: 77–83, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Jeste D V, Dolder C. Treatment of non-schizophrenic disorder: focus on atypical antipsychotics. J Psychiatry Res 2004; 38: 73–103, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Jeste D V, Rockwell E, Harris M J, Lohr J B, Lacro J. Conventional vs. newer antipsychotics in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 7: 70–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jeste D V, Eastham J H, Lacro J P, Gierz M, Field M G, Harris M J. Management of late-life psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 39–45, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Masand P S. Side effects of antipsychotic in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 43–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Hammerlein A, Derendorf H, Lowenthal D T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the elderly. Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998; 35: 49–64, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Alexopoulos G S, Streim J E, Carpenter D. Expert consensus guidelines for using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 5–99, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Katzung B G. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange, New York 2004
- Albers L J, Hahn R K, Reist C. Handbook of psychiatric drugs. Current Clinical Strategies, Laguna Hills, CA 2004
- Turnheim K. When drug therapy gets old: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 843–53, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Parkinson Study Group. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 757–63, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Katz I R, Jeste D V, Mintzer J E, Clyde C, Napolitano J, Brecher M. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double-blind trail. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 107–15, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tariot P N, Blazina L. The psychopathology of dementia. Handbook of dementing illnesses, J C Morriss. Marcel Dekker, New York 1993; 461–75
- Wragg R E, Jeste D V. Neuroleptics and alternative treatments: management of behavioral symptoms and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease and related conditions. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1988; 11: 195–214, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schneider L S. Pharmacologic management of psychosis in dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 54–60, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Helms P M. Efficacy of antipsychotics in the treatment of the behavioral complications of dementia: a review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 206–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lee P E, Gill S S, Freedman M, Bronskill S E, Hillmer M P, Rochon P A. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review. BMJ 2004; 329: 75, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kindermann S S, Dolder C R, Bailey A, Katz I R, Jeste D V. Pharmacologic treatment of psychosis and agitation in elderly patients with dementia: four decades of experience. Drugs Aging 2002; 19: 257–76, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lanctot K L, Best T S, Mittmann N, et al. Efficacy and safety of neuroleptics in behavioral disorders associated with dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 550–61, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Risse S C, Barnes R. Pharmacologic treatment of agitation associated with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 368–76, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Raskind M A, Risse S C, Lampe T H. Dementia and antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48: 16–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Devanand D P, Sackeim H A, Mayeux R. Psychosis, behavioral disturbance, and the use of neuroleptics in dementia. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29: 387–401, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Small G W. Psychopharmacological treatment of elderly demented patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49(suppl 1)8–13, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schneider L S, Pollock V E, Lyness S A. A meta-analysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 553–63, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- DeDeyn P P, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology 1999; 53: 946–55, [CSA]
- Street J S, Tollefson G D, Tohen M, et al. Olanzapine for psychotic conditions in the elderly. Psychiatr Ann 2000; 30: 191–6, [CSA]
- Chan W C, Lam L C, Choy C N, Leung V P, Li S W, Chiu H F. A double-blind randomised comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in Chinese dementia patients. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 1156–62, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Brodaty H, Ames D, Snowdon J, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis of dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 134–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Fontaine C S, Hynan L S, Koch K, Martin-Cook K, Svetlik D, Weiner M F. A double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the acute treatment of dementia-related behavioral disturbances in extended care facilities. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 726–30, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- DeDeyn P P, Carrasco M M, Deberdt M M, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 19: 115–26, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gareri P, Cotroneo A, Lacava R, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of new and conventional antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl 2004; 207–15, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Suh G H, Son H G, Ju Y S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in Korean dementia patients with behavioral disturbances. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12: 509–16, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Meehan K M, Wang H, David S R, et al. Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 26: 494–504, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Schneider L S, Tariot P N, Lyketsos C G, et al. National Institute of Mental Health–Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE): Alzheimer disease trial methodology. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9: 346–60, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tariot T, Schneider L, Katz I, et al. Quetiapine in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's dementia and psychosis. Poster presented at annual meeting of American Assoiation for Geriatric Psychiatry, Orlando, FL, February, 2002
- Zhong K, Tariot P, Minkwitz M C, et al. Quetiapine for the treatment of agitation in elderly institutionalized patients with dementia: a randomized, double blind trial. Poster presented at International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Philadelphia, PA, July, 2004
- De Deyn P, Jeste D V, Swanink R, Kostic D, Breder C. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 463–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Streim J E, McQuade R D, Stock E, et al. Aripiprazole treatment of instutionalized patients with psychosis of Alzheimer's dementia. Poster presented at annual meeting of American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, February, 2004
- Kujawa M J, Marcus R, Breder C, et al. Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in elderly patients with psychosis of Alzheimer's dementia: a pooled analysis. Poster presented at annual meeting of American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, February, 2004
- Hwang J P, Yang C H, Lee T W, Tsai S J. The efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of geriatric psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 113–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hwang J P, Yang C H, Yu H C, Chang J W, Cheng C Y, Tsai S J. The efficacy and safety of risperidone for the treatment of geriatric psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 583–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Davidson M, Harvey P D, Vervarcke J, et al. A long-term, multicenter, open-label study of risperidone in elderly patients with psychosis. On behalf of the Risperidone Working Group. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 506–14, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rabinowitz J, Katz I R, De Deyn P P, Brodaty H, Greenspan A, Davidson M. Behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia as a target for pharmacotherapy with risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1329–34, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tariot P N, Salzman C, Yeung P P, Pultz J, Rak I W. Long-term use of quetiapine in elderly patients with psychotic disorders. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 1068–84, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Fujikawa T, Takahashi T, Kinoshita A, et al. Quetiapine treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 49: 201–4, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Scharre D W, Chang S I. Cognitive and behavioral effects of quetiapine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002; 16: 128–30, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sajatovic M, Jaskiw G, Konicki P E, Jurjus G, Kwon K, Ramirez L F. Outcome of clozapine therapy for elderly patients with refractory primary psychosis. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12: 553–8, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Berkowitz A. Ziprasidone for dementia in elderly patients: case review. J Psychiatr Pract 2003; 9: 469–73, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kasckow J W, Mulchahey J J, Mohamed S. The use of novel antipsychotics in the older patient with neurodegenerative disorders in the long-term care setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004; 5: 242–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ballard C G, Thomas A, Fossey J, et al. A 3-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, neuroleptic discontinuation study in 100 people with dementia: the neuropsychiatric inventory median cutoff is a predictor of clinical outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 114–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Howard R, Rabins P V, Seeman M V, Jeste D V. International Late-Onset Schizophrenia Group. Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychois: an international consensus. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 172–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Jeste D V, Symonds L L, Harris M J, Paulsen J S, Palmer B W, Heaton R K. Non-dementia non-praecox dementia praecox? Late-onset schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5: 302–17, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jeste D V, Harris M J, Pearlson G D, et al. Late-onset schizophrenia: studying clinical validity. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1988; 11: 1–14, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ciompi L. Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull 1980; 6: 606–18, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Heaton R K, Gladsjo J A, Palmer B W, Kuck J, Marcotte T D, Jeste D V. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 24–32, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Evans J D, Negron A E, Palmer B W, Paulsen J S, Heaton R K, Jeste D V. Cognitive deficits and psychopathology in hospitalized versus community-dwelling elderly schizophrenia patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12: 11–5, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Howanitz E, Pardo M, Smelson D A. The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 41–4, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jeste D V, Barak Y, Madhusoodanan S, Grossman F, Gharabawi G. An international multisite double-blind trial of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone and olanzapine in 175 elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 638–47, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kennedy J S, Jeste D V, Kaiser C J, et al. Olanzapine vs. haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: analysis of data from a double-blind controlled trial. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 1013–20, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bilder R M, Goldman R S, Volavka J, et al. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1018–28, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Harvey P D, Napalitano J A, Mao L, Gharabawi G. Comparative effects of risperidone and olanzapine on cognition in elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 820–9, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ellingrod V L, Schultz S K, Ekstam-Smith K, Kutscher E, Turvey C, Arndt S. Comparison of risperidone with olanzapine in elderly patients with dementia and psychosis. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22: 1–5, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ritchie C W, Chiu E, Harrigan S, et al. The impact upon extra-pyramidal side effects, clinical symptoms and quality of life of a switch from conventional to atypical antipsychotics (risperidone or olanzapine) in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Int J Eat Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 432–40, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Barak Y, Shamir E, Weizman A. Would a switch from typical antipsychotics to risperidone be beneficial for elderly schizophrenia patients? A naturalistic, long-term, retrospective, comparative study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 115–20, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Barak Y, Shamir E, Zemishlani H, Mirecki I, Toren P, Weizman R. Olanzapine vs. haloperidol in the treatment of elderly chronic schizophrenia patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26: 1199–1202, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Barak Y, Shamir E, Mirecki I, Weizman R, Aizenberg D. Switching elderly chronic psychotic patients to olanzapine. Int J Eat Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7: 165–9, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Beasley C M, Dellva M A, Tamura R N, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of the incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia during long-term treatment with olanzapine or haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174: 23–30, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dolder C R, Jeste D V. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with typical versus atypical antipsychotics in very high risk patients. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 1142–5, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Caligiuri M P, Rockwell E, Jeste D V. Extrapyramidal side effects in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with low-dose neuroleptic medication. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 6: 75–82, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Kinon B J, Jeste D V, Kollack-Walker S, Stauffer V, Liu H. Olanzapine treatment for tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28: 985–96, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Mintzer J E, Mullen J A, Sweitzer D E. A comparison of extrapyramidal symptoms in older outpatients treated with quetiapine or risperidone. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20: 1483–91, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Belmonte D C, Streim J E. Safety profiles of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly. Curr Psychosis Ther Rep 2004; 2: 21–6, [CSA]
- Herst L, Powell G. Is clozapine safe in the elderly?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997; 31: 411–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Street J S, Clark W S, Gannon K S, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 968–76, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Madhusoodanan S, Brenner R, Alcantra A. Clinical experience with quetiapine in elderly patients with psychotic disorders. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13: 28–32, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- American Diabetic Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 596–601, [CSA]
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (MedWatch) (2004) Safety Alert: Zyprexa (olanzapine). March, 12004, http://www.fda.gov/ medwatch/SAFETY/2004/zyprexa.htm
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Public Health Advisory). Deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances. April, 112005, http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/ advisory/antipsychotics.htm