561
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEWS

The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

, PhD, , MD, PhD, , MD, PhD & , PhD
Pages 1-23 | Received 26 Feb 2008, Accepted 16 May 2008, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Coriat I H. Some statistical results of the psychoanalytic treatment of the psychoneuroses. Psychoanal Rev 1917; 4: 209–16
  • Fenichel O. Statistischer Bericht über die therapeutische Tätigkeit 1920–1930. Zehn Jahre Berliner Psychoanalytisches Institut Poliklinik und Lehranschalt, S Radó, O Fenichel, C Müller-Braunschweig. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Wien 1930; S13–9
  • Kessel L, Hyman H T. The value of psychonalysis as a therapeutic procedure. JAMA 1936; 107: 326
  • Jones E. Report of the clinic work: 1926–1936. Clinic of Psychoanalysis, London 1936
  • Alexander F. Five year report of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1932–1937. Institute for Psychoanalysis, Chicago 1937
  • Knight R P. Evaluation of the results of psychoanalytic therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1941; 98: 434–46
  • Schjelderup H. Lasting effects of psychoanalytic treatment. Psychiatry 1955; 18: 109–33
  • Orgel S. Effects of psychoanalysis on the course of peptic ulcer. Psychosom Med 1958; 20: 117–25
  • Knapp P H, Levin S, McCarter R, Werner H, Zetzel E. Suitability for psychoanalysis: a review of 100 supervised analytic cases. Psychoanal Q 1960; 29: 459–77
  • Graham S R. The effects of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy on levels of frequency and satisfaction in sexual activity. J Clin Psychol 1960; 16: 94–5
  • Klein H. A study of changes occurring in patients during and after psychoanalytic treatment. Current approaches to psychoanalysis, P H Hoch, J Zubin. Grune & Stratton, New York 1960; 151–75
  • Cremerius J. Die Beurteilung des Behandlungserfolges in der Psychotherapie. Springer, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1962
  • Bieber I. Homosexuality: a psychoanalytic study. Basic, New York 1962
  • Hamburg D A, Bibring G L, Fisher C, et al. Report of ad hoc committee on central fact gathering data of the American Psychoanalytic Association. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1967; 15: 841–61
  • Feldman H. Results of psychoanalysis in clinical case assignments. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1968; 17: 274–300
  • Bachrach H, Galatzer-Levy R, Skolnikoff A, Waldron S. On the efficacy of psychoanalysis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1991; 39: 871–916
  • Doidge N. Empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapies and psychoanalysis: an overview. Psychoanal Inq 1997; 17(suppl)102–50
  • Fonagy P. An open door review of outcome studies in psychoanalysis. 1999, http://www.ipa.org.uk/R-outcome.htm
  • Doidge N. Is psychoanalysis effective?. Econ Neurosci 2001; 3: 41–7
  • Leichsenring F. Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective? A review of empirical data. Int J Psychoanal 2005; 86: 841–68
  • Leichsenring F. Randomized controlled versus naturalistic studies: a new research agenda. Bull Menninger Clin 2004; 68: 137–51
  • Leichsenring F., Rabung S. Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300: 1551–65
  • Freud S. Wege der psychoanalytischen Therapie. Ergänzungsband 1919; 243
  • Bateman A, Fonagy P. The effectiveness of partial hospitalisation in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1919; 156: 1563–9
  • Stanton A H, Gunderson J G, Knapp P H, et al. Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: I. Design and implementation of a controlled study. Schizophr Bull 1984; 10: 520–64
  • Fonagy P, Moran G S. Studies on the efficacy of child psychoanalysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58: 684–95
  • Quiroga S. Estudio comparativo sobre eficacia terapéutica en trastornos de la alimentación I. Factores diferenciales y determinantes comunes [Comparative study about therapeutic efficacy in eating disorders I. Differential factors and common determinants]. Paper presented at the IV Encuentro Capítulo Sudamericano de la Society for Psychotherapy Research, Montevideo, September, 1998
  • Heinicke C M. Frequency of psychotherapeutic sessions as a factor affecting the child's developmental status. Psychoanal Study Child 1965; 20: 42–98
  • At http://www.cochrane.org Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane reviewers' handbook
  • Cohen J. Satistical power analysis for behavioural sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1988
  • Leichsenring F, Leibing E. The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1223–32
  • Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research: applied social research methods. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1991
  • Derogatis L R, Lazarus L. SCL-90-R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment, M E Maruish. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1974; 217–48
  • Antonovsky A. Unraveling the mystery of health. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA 1987
  • Weissman M, Bothwell S. Assessment of social adjustment by patient self report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1111–5
  • Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. National Institutes of Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Rockville, MD 1976
  • Horowitz L M, Strauss B, Kordy H. Inventory of interpersonal problems. 2nd ed. Beltz, Göttingen 2000
  • Doidge N, Simon B, Brauer L, et al. Psychoanalytic patients in the US, Canada, and Australia: I. DSM-III-R disorders, indications, previous treatment, medications and length of treatment. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002; 50: 575–614
  • Doidge N, Simon B, Lancee W J, et al. Psychoanalytic patients in the US, Canada, and Australia: II. A DSM-III-R validation study. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002; 50: 615–27
  • Brockman J, Schlüter T, Eckert J. Therpieziele, Zieländerungen und Zielerreichung im Verlauf psychoanalytisch orientierter und verhaltenstherapeutischer Langzeittherapie. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2003; 53: 163–70
  • Brockman J, Schlüter T, Brodbeck D, Eckert J. Die Effekte psychoanalytisch orientierter und verhaltenstherapeutischer Langzeittherapien. Ein vergleichende Studie aus der Praxis niedergelassener Psychotherapeuten. Psychotherapeut 2002; 6: 347–55
  • Clarkin J F, Foelsch P A, Levy K N, Hull J W, Delaney J C, Kernberg O F. The development of a psychodynamic treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary study of behavioural change. J Personal Disord 2001; 15: 487–95
  • Dührssen A. Dynamische Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse und analytische Gruppenpsychotherapie im Vergleich. Z Psychosom Med 1986; 32: 161–80
  • Erle J B, Goldberg D A. The course of 253 analyses from selection to outcome. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2003; 51: 257–93
  • Freedman N, Hoffenberg J D, Vorus N, Frosch A. The effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: the role of treatment duration, frequency of sessions, and the therapeutic relationship. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1999; 47: 741–72
  • Friedman R C, Bucci W, Christian C, Drucker P, Garrison W B, 3rd. Private psychotherapy patients of psychiatrist psychoanalysts. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1772–4
  • Friedman R C, Garrison W B, 3rd, Bucci W, Gorman B S. Private psychotherapy patients of senior psychoanalysts: an effectiveness study. J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry 2005; 33: 583–610
  • Giessen-Bloo J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, et al. Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 649–58
  • Grande T, Dilg R, Jakobsen T, et al. Differential effects of two forms of psychoanalytic therapy: results of the Heidelberg-Berlin study. Psychother Res 2006; 16: 470–85
  • Rudolf G, Dilg R, Grande T, . Effektivität und Effizienz psychoanalytischer Langzeittherapie: die Praxisstudie Analytische Langzeitpsychotherapie [Effectiveness and efficiency of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy: the practice study of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy]. Psychoanalyse des Glaubens [Psychoanalysis of religious belief], A Gerlach, A Springer, A Schlösser, et al. Psychosozial Verlag, Giessen 2004
  • Hartmann S, Zepf S. Einflüsse auf die Symptombesserung in der Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Beschwerdebildern. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2004; 54: 445–56
  • Heinzel R, Breyer F, Klein T. Ambulante analytische Einzel- und Gruppenpsychotherapie in ein der bundesweiten katamnestischen Evaluationsstudie. Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik 1998; 34: 135–52
  • Holm-Hadulla R, Kiefer L, Sessar W. Zur Effektivität tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Kurz- und Psychotherapien. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1997; 47: 271–8
  • Keller W, Westhoff G, Dilg R, Rohner R, Studt H H, the study group on empirical psychotherapy research in analytical psychology. Efficacy and cost effectiveness aspects of outpatient Jungian psychoanalysis and psychotherapy—a catamnestic study. Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 1997, At http://www.uni-saarland.de
  • Leichsenring F, Biskup J, Kreische R, Staats H. The Göttingen study of psychoanalytic therapy: first results. Int J Psychoanal 2005; 86: 433–55
  • Outcomes of psychoanalytic treatment: perspectives for therapists and researchers, M Leuzinger-Bohleber, M Target. Whurr, London 2001
  • Leuzinger-Bohleber M, Stuhr U, Rüger B, Beutel M. How to study the ‘quality of psychoanalytic treatments’ and their long-term effects on patients well-being: a representative, multi-perspective follow-up study. Int J Psychoanal 2003; 84: 263–90
  • Luborsky L, Stuart J, Friedman S, et al. The Penn Psychoanalytic treatment collection: a set of complete and recorded psychoanalyses as a research resource. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2001; 49: 217–34
  • Monsen J T, Odland T, Faugli A, Daae E, Eilertsen D E. Personality disorders changes and stability after intensive psychotherapy focusing on affect consciousness. Psychother Res 1995; 5: 33–48
  • Monsen J T, Odland T, Faugli A, Daae E, Eilertsen D E. Personality disorders and psychosocial changes after intensive psychotherapy: a prospective follow-up study of an outpatient psychotherapy project, 5 years after end of treatment. Scand J Psychol 1995; 36: 256–68
  • von Rad M, Senf W, Bräutigam W. Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse in der Krankenversorgung: Ergebnisse des Heidelberger Katamnese-Projektes. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1998; 48: 88–100
  • Heuft G, Seibuchler-Engec H, Taschke M, Senf W. Langzeitoutcome ambulanter psychoanalytischer Psychotherapien und Psychoanalysen. Ein textinhaltsanalytische Untersuchung von 53 Katamneseinterviews. Forum der Psychoanalyse 1996; 12: 342–55
  • Kordy H, von Rad M, Senf W. Time and its relevance for successful psychotherapy. Psychother Psychosom 1988; 49: 212–22
  • Rudolf G, Manz R, Öri C. Ergebnisse psychoanalytischer Therapien. Z Psychosom Med 1994; 40: 25–40
  • Sandell R, Blomberg J, Lazar A, Carlsson J, Broberg J, Schubert J. Varieties of long-term outcome in psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy. A review of findings in the Stockholm outcome of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy project (STOPP). Int J Psychoanal 2000; 81: 921–42
  • Sashin J I, Eldred S, van Amerongen S T. A search for predictive factors in institute supervised cases: a retrospective study of 183 cases from 1959–1966 at the Boston Psychoanalytical Society and Institute. Int J Psychoanal 1975; 56: 343–59
  • Stehle S. Psychotherapeutische Berfustätigkeit. Ergebnisse der DGPT-Therapeutenerhebung. Psychoanalyse des Glaubens, A Gerlach, A Schlösser, A Springer. Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen 2004
  • Stevenson J, Meares R. An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 358–62
  • Wallerstein R. Forty-two lives in treatment: a study of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Guilford, New York 1986
  • Kernberg O, Burstein E D, Coyne L, Appelbaum A, Horwitz L, Voth H. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis—the final report of the Menninger Foundation's Psychotherapy Research Project. Bull Menninger Clin 1972; 36: 1–275
  • Harty M, Horwitz L. Therapeutic outcome as rated by patients, therapists, and judges. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 957–61
  • Weber J J, Bachrach H M, Solomon M. Factors associated with outcome of psychoanalysis: a report of the Colombia Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (II). Int Rev Psychoanal 1985; 12: 127–41
  • Bachrach H, Weber J, Solomon M. Factors associated with the outcome of psychoanalysis (clinical and methodological considerations): report of the Colombian Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (IV). Int Rev Psychoanal 1985; 12: 379–89
  • Weber J J, Bachrach H M, Solomon M. Factors associated with outcome of psychoanalysis: a report of the Colombia Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (III). Int Rev Psychoanal 1985; 12: 251–62
  • Wilczek A, Berber J P, Gustavson J P, Asberg M, Weinryb R M. Change after long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2004; 52: 1163–84
  • Seligman M EP. The effectiveness of psychotherapy. The Consumer Reports Study. Am Psychol 1995; 50: 965–74
  • Lipsey M W, Wilson D B. The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: confirmation from meta-analyses. Am Psychol 1993; 48: 1181–209
  • Kopta S M, Howard K I, Lowry J L, Beutler L E. Patterns of symptomatic recovery in psychotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62: 1009–16
  • Perry J C, Banon E, Floriana I. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1312–21
  • Gloaguen V, Cottraux J, Cucherat M, Blackburn I. A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998; 49: 59–72
  • Hollon S D, DeRubeis R J, Shelton R C, et al. Prevention of Relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 417–22
  • Maat S, Dekker J, Schoevers R, de Jonghe F. Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis. Psychother Res 2006; 16: 562–72
  • Wallerstein R. Comment on Gunderson and Gabbert. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1999; 47: 728–34
  • Westen D, Novotny C M, Thomson-Brenner H. The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychol Bull 2004; 130: 631–63
  • Maat S, Dekker J, Schoevers R, de Jonghe F. The effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy: methodological issues. Psychother Res 2007; 17: 59–65
  • Sacks H, Chalmers T C, Smith H, Jr. Randomized versus historical controls for clinical trials. Am J Med 1982; 72: 33–40
  • Kunz R, Oxman A D. The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1998; 317: 1185–90
  • Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz R I. Randomised controlled trials, observational studies and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1887–92
  • Shadish W R, Matt G, Navarro A, Phillips G. The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 26: 512–29
  • Benson K, Hartz A J. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1878–86
  • PDM Task Force. Psychodynamic diagnostic manual. Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations, Silver Spring, MD 2006
  • Ottoson J O. Experimental studies of the mode of action electroconvulsive treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1960; 35(suppl 145)69–97
  • Lambert M J, Hatch D R, Kingston M D, Edwards B C. Zung, Beck and Hamilton Rating Scales as measures of treatment outcome: a meta-analytic comparison. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986; 54: 54–9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.