Reproductive Aging, Sex Steroids, and Mood Disorders

REFERENCES

• Bevan Lewis W. A text-book of mental diseases: with special reference to the pathological aspects of insanity. Griffin, London 1899
   Google Scholar
• Conklin W J. Some neuroses of the menopause. Trans Am Assoc Obstet Gynecol 1889; 2: 301–11
   Google Scholar
• Maudsley H. The physiology and pathology of the mind. Appleton, New York 1867
   Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Ärrzte. Barth, Leipzig 1909
   Google Scholar
• Bleuler E. Textbook of psychiatry. Macmillan, New York 1924
   Google Scholar
• Stenstedt A. Involutional melancholia: an etiologic clinical and social study of endogenous depression in later life, with special reference to genetic factors. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1959; 127: 1–71
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1st ed. APA, Washington, DC 1952
   Google Scholar
• Werner A A, Johns G A, Hoctor E F, Ault C C, Kohler L W, Weis M W. Involutional melancholia: probable etiology and treatment. JAMA 1934; 103: 13–6
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal S. The involutional depressive syndrome. J Am Psychiatry 1968; 124: 21–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman M M. The myth of involutional melancholia. JAMA 1979; 242: 742–4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur G. Depression in the menopause. J Am Psychiatry 1973; 130: 92–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J K, Weissman M M, Tischler G L, et al. Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 959–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown R P, Sweeney J, Loutsch E, Kocsis J, Frances A. Involutional melancholia revisited. J Am Psychiatry 1984; 141: 24–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soules M R, Sherman S, Parrott E, et al. Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 874–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santoro N, Brown J R, Adel T, Skurnick J H. Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1495–1501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treloar A E. Menstrual cyclicity and the pre-menopause. Maturitas 1981; 3: 249–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson S J. The biological basis of the menopause. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miro F, Parker S W, Aspinall L J, Coley J, Perry P W, Ellis J E. Relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone levels at the beginning of the human menstrual cycle, length of the follicular phase and excreted estrogens: the FREEDOM study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3270–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein N A, Harper A J, Houmard B S, Sluss P M, Soules M R. Is the short follicular phase in older women secondary to advanced or accelerated dominant follicle development?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5746–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall J E. Neuroendocrine changes with reproductive aging in women. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25: 344–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall J E. Neuroendocrine physiology of the early and late menopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 637–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welt C K, Jimenez Y, Sluss P M, Smith P C, Hall J E. Control of estradiol secretion in reproductive ageing. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2189–93
   Google Scholar
• Burger H G, Dudley E C, Hopper J L, et al. The endocrinology of the menopausal transition: a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3537–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale G E, Zhao X, Hughes C L, Burger H G, Robertson D M, Fraser I S. Endocrine features of menstrual cycles in middle and late reproductive age and the menopausal transition classified according to the staging of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW) staging system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3060–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E W, Sammel M D, Gracia C R, et al. Follicular phase hormone levels and menstrual bleeding status in the approach to menopause. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 383–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couzinet B, Meduri G, Lecce M G, et al. The postmenopausal ovary is not a major androgen-producing gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5060–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison S L, Donath S, Montalto J G, Davis S R. Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3847–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogle R H, Stanczyk F Z, Zhang X, Paulson R J. Ovarian androgen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3040–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Sowers M R, Moran F M, et al. Circulating bioactive androgens in midlife women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4387–94
   Google Scholar
• Kaufert P A, Gilbert P, Tate R. Defining menopausal status: the impact of longitudinal data. Maturitas 1987; 9: 217–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie J, Dennerstein L, Burger H. How reliably does 12-month amenorrhea define final menstrual period? Data from a longitudinal study. Climacteric 2002; 5: 92
   Google Scholar
• Harlow S D, Cain K, Crawford S, et al. Evaluation of four proposed bleeding criteria for the onset of late menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3432–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrell R J, Simon J A, Pincus S M, et al. The length of perimenopausal menstrual cycles increases later and to a greater degree than previously reported. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 619–24
   Google Scholar
• Randolph J F, Jr, Crawford S, Dennerstein L, et al. The value of follicle-stimulating hormone concentration and clinical findings as markers of the late menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3034–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. APA, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer R L, Williams J B, Gibbon M, First M B. Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R. Patient edition. Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Spijker J, de Graaf R, Bijl R V, Beekman A TF, Ormel J, Nolen W A. Duration of major depressive episodes in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). J Br Psychiatry 2002; 181: 208–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts R E, Vernon S W. The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: its use in a community sample. J Am Psychiatry 1983; 140: 41–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynes B N, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2005, http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/peridepr/peridep.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Weissman M M, Leaf P J, Tischler G L, et al. Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychol Med 1988; 18: 141–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler R C, McGonagle K A, Swartz M, Blazer D G, Nelson C B. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. J Affect Disord 1993; 29: 85–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay J B, McKinlay S M, Brambilla D. The relative contributions of endocrine changes and social circumstances to depression in mid-aged women. J Health Soc Behav 1987; 28: 345–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufert P A, Gilbert P, Tate R. The Manitoba project: a re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992; 14: 143–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis N E, Brambilla D, McKinlay S M, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1994; 4: 214–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews K A, Wing R R, Kuller L H, et al. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58: 345–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte A. Influences of natural menopause on health complaints: a prospective study of healthy Norwegian women. Maturitas 1992; 14: 127–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugate Woods N, Mariella A, Sullivan Mitchell E. Patterns of depressed mood across the menopausal transition: approaches to studying patterns in longitudinal data. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81: 623–32
   Google Scholar
• Maartens L W, Leusink G L, Knottnerus J A, Smeets C G, Pop V J. Climacteric complaints in the community. Fam Pract 2001; 18: 189–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Tonkelaar I, Broekmans F J, De Boer E J, et al. The stages of reproductive aging workshop. Menopause 2002; 9: 463–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy R, Kuh D. Change in psychological and vasomotor symptom reporting during the menopause. Soc Sci Med 2002; 55: 1975–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Burger H, Dudley E. Mood and the menopausal transition. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187: 685–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter M. The South-East England longitudinal study of the climacteric and postmenopause. Maturitas 1992; 14: 117–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor V M, Del Mar C B, Sheehan M, Siskind V, Fox-Young S, Cragg C. Do psycho-social factors contribute more to symptom reporting by middle-aged women than hormonal status?. Maturitas 1995; 20: 63–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger J T, Meyer P M, Kravitz H M, et al. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: a multiethnic community study. J Am Public Health 2001; 91: 1435–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maartens L WF, Knottnerus J A, Pop V J. Menopausal transition and increased depressive symptomatology: a community based prospective study. Maturitas 2002; 42: 195–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger J T, Assmann S F, Avis N E, Schocken M, Kravitz H M, Cordal A. Persistent mood symptoms in a multiethnic community cohort of pre- and perimenopausal women. J Am Epidemiol 2003; 158: 347–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E W, Sammel M D, Liu L, Gracia C R, Nelson D B, Hollander L. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 62–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart D E, Boydell K, Derzko C, Marshall V. Psychologic distress during the menopausal years in women attending a menopause clinic. J Int Psychiatry Med 1992; 22: 213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Smith A MA, Morse C, et al. Menopausal symptoms in Australian women. J Med Aust 1993; 159: 232–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hay A G, Bancroft J, Johnstone E C. Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. J Br Psychiatry 1994; 164: 513–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer R L, Williams J BW, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1749–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L S, Soares C N, Vitonis A F, Otto M W, Harlow B L. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition. The Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 385–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E W, Sammel M D, Lin H, Nelson D B. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 375–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger J T, Matthews K A, Schott L L, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the study of women's health across the nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord 2007; 103: 267–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger J T, Kravitz H M, Matthews K A, Youk A, Brown C, Feng W. Predictors of first episodes of clinical depression in midlife women. Abstract presented at the 160th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Diego, CA, May, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Haq N A, Rubinow D R. A longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between reproductive status and mood in perimenopausal women. J Am Psychiatry 2004; 161: 2238–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg E M, Rubinow D R, Bartko J J, et al. A cross sectional evaluation of perimenopausal depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 973–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold E B, Colvin A, Avis N, et al. Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women's health across the nation. J Am Public Health 2006; 96: 1226–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang K D, Wang S J, Lu S R, Lee S J, Fuh J L. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas 2005; 52: 119–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E W, Sammel M D, Grisso J A, Battistini M, Garcia-Espagna B, Hollander L. Hot flashes in the late reproductive years: risk factors for African American and Caucasian women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001; 10: 67–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman E W, Sammel M D, Lin H, Gracia C R, Kapoor S, Ferdousi T. The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2005; 12: 258–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Montgomery J, Studd J. Oestrogens and affective disorders. Progress in obstetrics and gynaecology, J Studd. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1981; 289–302
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Nieman L, Danaceau M A, et al. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. J Am Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 414–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares C D, Almeida O P, Joffe H, Cohen L S. Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 529–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison M F, Kallan M J, Ten Have T, Katz I, Tweedy K, Battistini M. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 406–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Sawaya G, Lieberburg I, Grady D. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia. JAMA 1998; 279: 688–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc E S, Janowsky J, Chan B KS, Nelson H D. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2001; 285: 1489–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, Huppert F. Hormone replacement therapy for cognitive function in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, (3):CD003122
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs R B. Long-term treatment with estrogen and progesterone enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task by ovariectomized aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 107–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandi P P, Carlson M C, Plassman B L, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County study. JAMA 2002; 288: 2123–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick S M, Henderson V W. Hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease: a critical time. JAMA 2002; 288: 2170–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola T S, Clarkson T B. Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 53: 605–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson J E, Allison M A, Rossouw J E, et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N J Engl Med 2007; 356: 2591–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson J E, Bassuk S S. Invited commentary: hormone therapy and risk of coronary heart disease—why renew the focus on the early years of menopause?. J Am Epidemiol 2007; 166: 511–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodis H N, Mack W J. Postmenopausal hormone therapy in clinical perspective. Menopause 2007; 14: 944–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw J E, Prentice R L, Manson J E, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, , Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumaker S A, Legault C, Rapp S R, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2651–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Clarkson T B, Manson J E. Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy. N J Engl Med 2003; 348: 645–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Howard T D, Hawkins G A, et al. Estrogen-receptor polymorphisms and effects of estrogen replacement on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women with coronary disease. N J Engl Med 2002; 346: 967–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Lui L Y, Grady D, Stone K, Morin P. Estrogen receptor 1 polymorphism and risk of cognitive impairment in older women. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 677–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley C S, Schwartzkroin P A. Hormonal effects on the brain. Epilepsia 1998; 39: S2–S8
   Google Scholar
• McEwen B S. Basic neurobiology of ovarian steroids: clinical implications. Dial Clin Neurosci 2002; 4: 163–75
   Google Scholar
• Rachman I M, Unnerstall J R, Pfaff D W, Cohen R S. Estrogen alters behavior and forebrain c-fos expression in ovariectomized rats subjected to the forced swim test. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 13941–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinow D R, Schmidt P J, Roca C A. Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 839–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecins-Thompson M, Brown N A, Bethea C L. Regulation of serotonin re-uptake transporter mRNA expression by ovarian steroids in rhesus macaques. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998; 53: 120–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McQueen J K, Wilson H, Fink G. Estradiol-17β increases serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels and the density of SERT-binding sites in female rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 45: 13–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu N Z, Eshleman A J, Janowsky J, Bethea C L. Ovarian steroid regulation of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) binding, distribution, and function in female macaques. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8: 353–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke W P, Maayani S. Estrogen effects on 5-HT1A receptors in hippocampal membranes from ovariectomized rats: functional and binding studies. Brain Res 1990; 518: 287–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas M L, Bland D A, Clarke C H, Cunningham K A. Estrogen regulation of serotonin (5-HT) transporter and 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in female rat brain. Abstr Soc Neurosci 1997; 23: 1501
   Google Scholar
• Sumner B EH, Fink G. Estrogen increases the density of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors in cerebral cortex and nucleus accumbens in the female rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 54: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maswood S, Truitt W, Hotema M, Caldarola-Pastuszka M, Uphouse L. Estrous cycle modulation of extracellular serotonin in mediobasal hypothalamus: role of the serotonin transporter and terminal autoreceptors. Brain Res 1999; 831: 146–54
   Google Scholar
• Nestler E J, Terwilliger R Z, Duman R S. Chronic antidepressant administration alters the subcellular distribution of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in rat frontal cortex. J Neurochem 1989; 53: 1644–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman R S, Heninger G R, Nestler E J. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 597–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nibuya M, Nestler E J, Duman R S. Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2365–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantamaki T, Hendolin P, Kankaanpaa A, et al. Pharmacologically diverse antidepressants rapidly activate brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB and induce phospholipase-Cgamma signaling pathways in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2152–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo-Neustadt A, Ha T, Ramirez R, Kesslak J P. Physical activity-antidepressant treatment combination: impact on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and behavior in an animal model. Behav Brain Res 2001; 120: 87–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Turrillas R, Del Rio J, Frechilla D. Sequential changes in BDNF mRNA expression and synaptic levels of AMPA receptor subunits in rat hippocampus after chronic antidepressant treatment. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49: 1178–88
   Google Scholar
• Kozisek M E, Middlemas D, Bylund D B. The differential regulation of BDNF and TrkB levels in juvenile rats after four days of escitalopram and desipramine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54: 251–7
   Google Scholar
• Sohrabji F, Greene L A, Miranda R C, Toran-Allerand C D. Reciprocal regulation of estrogen and NGF receptors by their ligands in PC12 cells. J Neurobiol 1994; 25: 974–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jezierski M K, Sohrabji F. Region- and peptide-specific regulation of the neurotrophins by estrogen. Mol Brain Res 2000; 85: 77–84
   Google Scholar
• Jezierski M K, Sohrabji F. Estrogen enhances retrograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rodent forebrain. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 5022–9
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Watters J J, Dorsa D M. Estrogen rapidly induces the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein in rat brain. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 2163–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy D D, Cole N B, Segal M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates estradiol-induced dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 11412–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonijevic I A, Stalla G K, Steiger A. Modulation of the sleep electroencephalogram by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. J Am Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 277–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkie M JV, Smith D, Reid I C, et al. A splice site polymorphism in the G-protein β subunit influences antidepressant efficacy in depression. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17: 207–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prossnitz E R, Sklar L A, Oprea T I, Arterburn J B. GPR30: a novel therapeutic target in estrogen-related disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29: 116–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin E R. Integration of the extranuclear and nuclear actions of estrogen. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19: 1951–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly M J, Wagner E J. Estrogen modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999; 10: 369–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steingold K A, Laufer L, Chetkowski R J, et al. Treatment of hot flashes with transdermal estradiol administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 627–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brincat M, Studd J WW, O'Dowd T, et al. Subcutaneous hormone implants for the control of climacteric symptoms: a prospective study. Lancet 1984; 323: 16–8
   Google Scholar
• Ditkoff E C, Crary W G, Cristo M, Lobo R A. Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 991–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwin B B, Gelfand M M. Differential symptom response to parenteral estrogen and/or androgen administration in the surgical menopause. J Am Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 153–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla F, Maggioni M, Ferrari E, Scarone S, Catalano M. Tonic and dynamic gonadotropin secretion in depressive and normothymic phases of affective disorders. Psychiatry Res 1990; 32: 229–39
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam J D, Winokur A, Lucki I, Snyder P. Neuroendocrine regulation in depressed postmenopausal women and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 43–9
   Google Scholar
• Altman N, Sachar E J, Gruen P H, Halpern F S, Eto S. Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women. Psychosom Med 1975; 37: 274–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guicheney P, Léger D, Barrat J, et al. Platelet serotonin content and plasma tryptophan in peri- and postmenopausal women: variations with plasma oestrogen levels and depressive symptoms. J Eur Clin Invest 1988; 18: 297–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger S. Stress as a factor in lowered estrogen-levels in the early postmenopause. N Ann Y Acad Sci 1990; 592: 95–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huerta R, Mena A, Malacara J M, Diaz de Leon J. Symptoms at perimenopausal period: its association with attitudes toward sexuality, life-style, family function, and FSH levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995; 20: 135–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saletu B, Brandstatter N, Metka M, et al. Hormonal, syndromal and EEG mapping studies in menopausal syndrome patients with and without depression as compared with controls. Maturitas 1996; 23: 91–105
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D, Laughlin G A, Kripke A. Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones, are associated with depressed mood in older women: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 685–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawood E H, Bancroft J. Steroid hormones, the menopause, sexuality and well-being of women. Psychol Med 1996; 26: 925–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Murphy J H, Haq N, Danaceau M A, Simpson St.Clair L. Basal plasma hormone levels in depressed perimenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27: 907–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews K A. Myths and realities of the menopause. Psychosom Med 1992; 54: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majewska M D, Demirgören S, Spivak C E, London E D. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor. Brain Res 1990; 526: 143–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baulieu E-E, Robel P. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) as neuroactive neurosteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 4089–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwain I H, Yen S SC. Dehydroepiandrosterone: biosynthesis and metabolism in the brain. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 880–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales A J, Nolan J J, Nelson J C, Yen S SC. Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 1360–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkowitz O M, Reus V I, Keebler A, et al. Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. J Am Psychiatry 1999; 156: 646–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch M, Schmidt P J, Danaceau M A, Adams L F, Rubinow D R. Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of mid-life dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1533–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Daly R C, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife-onset major and minor depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 154–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf O T, Neumann O, Hellhammer D H, et al. Effects of a two-week physiological dehydroepiandrosterone substitution on cognitive performance and well-being in healthy elderly women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2363–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin G A, Barrett-Connor E. Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3561–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari E, Locatelli M, Arcaini A, et al. Chronobiological study of some neuroendocrine features of major depression in elderly people. Abstract presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, Minneapolis, MN, June, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Daly R C, Danaceau M A, Rubinow D R, Schmidt P J. Concordant restoration of ovarian function and mood in perimenopausal depression. J Am Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1842–6
   Google Scholar
• Zweifel J E, O'Brien W H. A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997; 22: 189–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery J C, Brincat M, Tapp A, et al. Effect of oestrogen and testosterone implants on psychological disorders in the climacteric. Lancet 1987; 329: 297–9
   Google Scholar
• Saletu B, Brandstatter N, Metka M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, hormonal, syndromal and EEG mapping studies with transdermal oestradiol therapy in menopausal depression. Psychopharmacology 1995; 122: 321–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer R L, Kroenke K, Linzer M, et al. Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders: results from the PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 1995; 274: 1511–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaszmann L, van Lith N D, Zaat J CA. The perimenopausal symptoms: the statistical analysis of a survey A Part. Med Gynaecol Sociol 1969; 4: 268–77
   Google Scholar
• Joffe H, Hall J E, Soares C N, et al. Vasomotor symptoms are associated with depression in perimenopausal women seeking primary care. Menopause 2002; 9: 392–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Dudley E C, Hopper J L, Guthrie J R, Burger H G. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 351–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff I, Regestein Q, Tulchinsky D, Ryan K J. Effects of estrogens on sleep and psychological state of hypogonadal women. JAMA 1979; 242: 2405–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens J F, Matthews K A. Sleep disturbance in healthy middle-aged women. Maturitas 1998; 30: 41–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polo-Kantola P, Saaresranta T, Polo O. Aetiology and treatment of sleep disturbances during perimenopause and postmenopause. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 445–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polo-Kantola P, Erkkola R, Helenius H, Irjala K, Polo O. When does estrogen replacement therapy improve sleep quality?. J Am Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1002–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz H M, Ganz P A, Bromberger J, Powell L H, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Meyer P M. Sleep difficulty in women at midlife: a community survey of sleep and the menopausal transition. Menopause 2003; 10: 19–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon M M. Severe hot flashes are associated with chronic insomnia. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1262–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman R R, Roehrs T A. Effects of REM sleep and ambient temperature on hot flash–induced sleep disturbance. Menopause 2006; 13: 576–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman R R, Roehrs T A. Lack of sleep disturbance from menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 138–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl A A. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep 2007; 30: 873–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morphy H, Dunn K M, Lewis M, Boardman H F, Croft P R. Epidemiology of insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population. Sleep 2007; 30: 274–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn-Greene E T, Killgore D B, Kamimori G H, Balkin T J, Killgore W DS. The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 215–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman R R, Roehrs T A. Sleep disturbance in menopause. Menopause 2007; 14: 826–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis N E, Stellato R, Crawford S, et al. Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Soc Sci Med 2001; 52: 345–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke D J, Greene J G. Types of life events in relation to symptoms at the climacterium. J Psychosom Res 1981; 25: 5–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Dudley E, Guthrie J. Factors contributing to positive mood during the menopausal transition. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189: 84–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene J G, Cooke D J. Life stress and symptoms at the climacterium. J Br Psychiatry 1980; 136: 486–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger S, Cobbin D, Krivanek J, Saunders D. Life stresses and depression in the menopause. Maturitas 1979; 1: 191–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell E S, Woods N F. Symptom experiences of midlife women: observations from the Seattle midlife women's health study. Maturitas 1996; 25: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods N F, Mitchell E S. Pathways to depressed mood for midlife women: observations from the Seattle midlife women's health study. Res Nurs Health 1997; 20: 119–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Murphy J H, Haq N A, Rubinow D R, Danaceau M. Stressful life events, personal losses, and perimenopause-related depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004; 7: 19–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Guthrie J. Empty nest or revolving door? A prospective study of women's quality of life in midlife during the phase of children leaving and re-entering the home. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 545–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler K S, Kessler R C, Walters E E, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. J Am Psychiatry 1995; 152: 833–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt T E, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 291–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski P K, Prigerson H G, Mazure C M. Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 593–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman T E, Crimmins E. Social environment effects on health and aging: integrating epidemiologic and demographic approaches and perspectives. N Ann Y Acad Sci 2001; 954: 88–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson E H. Eight ages of man. J Int Psychiatry 1966; 2: 281–307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar