REFERENCES
- Hasin D S, Goodwin R D, Stinson F S, Grant B F. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1097–106
- Mathers C D, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006; 3: e442
- Evans D L, Charney D S, Lewis L, et al. Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 175–89
- van d er, Kooy K, van Hout H, Marwijk H, Marten H, Stehouwer C, Beekman A. Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 613–26
- Wang P S, Simon G, Kessler R C. Economic burden of depression and the cost-effectiveness of treatment. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2003; 12: 22–33
- Casacalenda N, Perry J C, Looper K. Remission in major depressive disorder: comparison of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and control conditions. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1354–60
- Baldessarini R J. Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders. Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, L Brunton, J Lazo, K Parker. McGraw-Hill, New York 2005; 429–59
- Hansen R A, Gartlehner G, Lohr K N, Gaynes B N, Carey T S. Efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 415–26
- Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Furukawa T A, Hotopf M, Geddes J R. Are all antidepressants really the same? The case of fluoxetine: systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 850–64
- Kirsch I, Deacon B J, Huedo-Medina T B, Scoboria A, Moore T J, Johnson B T. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008; 5: e45–76
- Viguera A C, Baldessarini R J, Friedberg J. Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1998; 5: 293–306
- Geddes J R, Carney S M, Davies C, et al. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361: 653–61
- Baldessarini R J, Pompili M, Tondo L, et al. Antidepressants and suicidal behavior: are we hurting or helping. Clin Neuropsychiatry 2005; 2: 73–5
- Hammad T A, Laughren T P, Racoosin J A. Suicide rates in short-term randomized controlled trials of newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26: 203–7
- Simon R I, Hales R E. Textbook of suicide assessment and management. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC 2006; 1–32
- Baldessarini R J, Tondo L, Strombom I M, et al. Ecological studies of antidepressant treatment and suicidal risks. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2007; 15: 133–45
- Hammad T A, Laughren T P, Racoosin J A. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 332–9
- Laughren T P. Overview for a meeting of the Psychopharmacology Drug Advisory Committee (PDAC) concerning suicidal risk in trials of antidepressant drugs in juvenile and adult patients. 2006, At http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4272b1-index.htm
- Barbui C, Esposito E, Cipriani A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: systematic review of observational studies. CMAJ 2009; 180: 291–7
- Friedman R A, Leon A C. Expanding the black box; depression, antidepressants and the risk of suicide. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2343–6
- Tsapakis E M, Soldani F, Tondo L, Baldessarini R J. Efficacy of antidepressants in depressed children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193: 10–7
- Tondo L, Vázquez G, Baldessarini R J. Antidepressant-associated mania and hypomania: meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009, in press
- Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg O T, Polak D, Dannon P N. Randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 324–31
- Marangell L B, Martinez M, Jurdi R A, Zboyan H. Neurostimulation therapies in depression: review of new modalities. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 116: 174–81
- Nierenberg A A, Katz J, Fava M. Critical overview of the pharmacologic management of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2007; 30: 13–29
- Neimat J S, Hamani C, Giacobbe P, et al. Neural stimulation successfully treats depression in patients with prior ablative cingulotomy. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 687–93
- McNeely H E, Mayberg H S, Lozano A M, Kennedy S H. Neuropsychological impact of Cg25 deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: preliminary results over 12 months. J Nerv Ment Dis 2008; 196: 405–10
- Shelton R C, Papakostas G I. Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 11: 253–9
- Davis J M, Janicak P G, Hogan D M. Mood-stabilizers in the prevention of recurrent affective disorders: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 100: 406–17
- Gyulai L, Bowden C L, McElroy S L, et al. Maintenance efficacy of divalproex in the prevention of bipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1374–82
- Ketter T A, Manji H K, Post R M. Potential mechanisms of action of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 484–95
- Ketter T A, Wang P W, Becker O V, Nowakowska C, Yang Y S. Diverse roles of anticonvulsants in bipolar disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2003; 15: 95–108
- Yatham L N. Newer anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(suppl 10)28–35
- Trivedi M H, Fava M, Wisniewski S R, , STARD Study Team, et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1243–52
- Normann C, Hummel B, Scharer L O, Horn M, Grunze H, Walden J. Lamotrigine as adjunct to paroxetine in acute depression: placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 337–44
- Barbosa L, Berk M, Vorster M. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with lamotrigine or placebo in patients concomitantly treated with fluoxetine for resistant major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 403–7
- Nickel C, Lahmann C, Tritt K, et al. Topiramate in treatment of depressive and anger symptoms in female depressive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2005; 87: 243–52
- Shapira B, Nemets B, Trachtenberg A, Belmaker R H. Phenytoin as an augmentation for SSRI failures: small controlled study. J Affect Disord 2006; 96: 123–6
- Post R M, Uhde T W, Roy-Byrne P P, Joffe R T. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 29–34
- Small J G. Anticonvulsants in affective disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990; 26: 25–36
- Rybakowski J K, Suwalska A, Chlopocka-Wozniak M. Potentiation of antidepressants with lithium or carbamazepine in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 134–9
- Frye M A, Ketter T A, Kimbrell T A, et al. Placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 607–14
- Nemets B, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker R H. Controlled double-blind trial of phenytoin vs. fluoxetine in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 586–90
- Stuppaeck C H, Barnas C, Schwitzer J, Fleischhacker W W. Carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of major depression: 5-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55: 146–50
- Davis L L, Kabel D, Patel D, et al. Valproate as an antidepressant in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 647–52
- Debattista C, Solomon A, Arnow B, Kendrick E, Tilston J, Schatzberg A F. Efficacy of divalproex sodium in the treatment of agitation associated with major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 476–9
- Carpenter L L, Schecter J M, Tyrka A R, et al. Open-label tiagabine monotherapy for major depressive disorder with anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 66–71
- Gabriel A. Lamotrigine adjunctive treatment in resistant unipolar depression: open, descriptive study. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23: 485–8
- Pasquini M, Picardi A, Speca A, et al. Combining an SSRI with an anticonvulsant in depressed patients with dysphoric mood: open study. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2007; 3: 3–4
- Schindler F, Anghelescu I G. Lithium vs. lamotrigine augmentation in treatment resistant unipolar depression: a randomized, open label study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 22: 179–82
- Emrich H M, Dose M, von Zerssen D. Use of sodium valproate, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1985; 8: 243–50
- McElroy S L, Keck P E, Jr, Pope H G, Jr. Sodium valproate: use in primary psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 16–24
- Kobayashi T, Kishimoto A, Inagaki T. Treatment of periodic depression with carbamazepine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77: 364–7
- Hayes S G. Long-term use of valproate in primary psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50(suppl)35–9
- Pies R, Adler D A, Ehrenberg B L. Sleep disorders and depression with atypical features: response to valproate. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 352–7
- Cullen M, Mitchell P, Brodaty H, et al. Carbamazepine for treatment-resistant melancholia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 472–6
- Corrigan F M. Sodium valproate augmentation of fluoxetine or fluvoxamine effects. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31: 1178–9
- De l a, Fuente J M, Mendlewicz J. Carbamazepine addition in tricyclic antidepressant-resistant unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32: 369–74
- Schatzberg A F, Debattista C, DeGolia S. Valproate in the treatment of agitation associated with major depression. Psychiatr Ann 1996; 26(suppl)S470–3
- Zarate C A, Jr, Tohen M, Baraibar G. Combined valproate or carbamazepine and electroconvulsive therapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997; 9: 19–25
- Deltito J A, Levitan J, Damore J, Hajal F, Zambenedetti M. Naturalistic experience with the use of divalproex sodium on an in-patient unit for adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998; 97: 236–40
- Dietrich D E, Emrich H M. Anticonvulsants to augment antidepressant medication. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(suppl 5)51–9
- Yasmin S, Carpenter L L, Leon Z, Siniscalchi J M, Price L H. Adjunctive gabapentin in treatment-resistant depression: retrospective chart review. J Affect Disord 2001; 63: 243–7
- Barbee J G, Jamhour N J. Lamotrigine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 737–41
- Carpenter L L, Leon Z, Yasmin S, Price L H. Do obese depressed patients respond to topiramate? A retrospective chart review. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 251–5
- Schmidt d o, Prado-Lima P A, Bacaltchuck J. Topiramate in treatment-resistant depression and binge-eating disorder. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4: 271–3
- Rocha F L, Hara C. Lamotrigine augmentation in unipolar depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 97–9
- Hantouche E G, Akiskal H S, Lancrenon S, Chatenet-Duchene L. Mood stabilizer augmentation in apparently “unipolar” MDD: predictors of response in the naturalistic French national EPIDEP study. J Affect Disord 2005; 84: 243–9
- Maltese T. Adjunctive lamotrigine in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1833–934
- Gutierrez R L, McKercher R, Galea J, Jamison K L. Lamotrigine augmentation strategy for patients with treatment resistant depression. CNS Spectr 2005; 10: 800–5
- Baldessarini R J, Tarazi F I. Pharmacotherapy of psychosis and mania. Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, L Brunton, J Lazo, K Parker. McGraw-Hill, New York 2005; 461–500
- Bowden C L, Calabrese J R, Sachs G S, et al. Placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 392–400
- Calabrese J R, Bowden C L, Sachs G S, et al. Placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 1013–24
- Goodwin G M, Bowden C L, Calabrese J R, et al. Pooled analysis of two placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 432–41
- Goldsmith D R, Wagstaff A J, Ibbotson T, Perry C M. Lamotrigine: review of its use in bipolar disorder. Drugs 2003; 63: 2029–50
- Goldsmith D R, Wagstaff A J, Ibbotson T, Perry C M. Spotlight on lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 63–7
- Calabrese J R, Huffman R F, White R L, et al. Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 323–33
- Tomson T, Battino D. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 2008; 17: 166–71
- Holmes L B, Baldwin E J, Smith C R, et al. Increased frequency of isolated cleft palate in infants exposed to lamotrigine during pregnancy. Neurology 2008; 70: 2152–8
- Newport D J, Stowe Z, Viguera A C, et al. Lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: efficacy during pregnancy. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 432–6
- Calabrese J R, Sullivan J R, Bowden C L, et al. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 1012–9
- Obrocea G V, Dunn R M, Frye M A, et al. Clinical predictors of response to lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 253–60
- Winsberg M E, DeGolia S G, Strong C M, Ketter T A. Divalproex therapy in medication-naive and mood-stabilizer-naive bipolar II depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 67: 207–12
- Mitchell P B, Goodwin G M, Johnson G F, Hirschfeld R M. Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 144–52
- Joffe H, Cohen L S, Suppes T, et al. Valproate is associated with new-onset oligomenorrhea with hyperandrogenism in women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 1078–86
- Schapel G, Chadwick D. Tiagabine and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Seizure 1996; 5: 153–6
- Ettinger A B, Bernal O G, Andriola M R, et al. Two cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in association with tiagabine therapy. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 1159–62
- Suppes T, Chisholm K A, Dhavale D, et al. Tiagabine in treatment refractory bipolar disorder: a clinical case series. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4: 283–9
- Gordon A, Price L H. Mood stabilization and weight-loss with topiramate. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 968–9
- Macdonald K J, Young L T. Newer antiepileptic drugs in bipolar disorder: rationale for use and role in therapy. CNS Drugs 2002; 16: 549–62
- Kruszewski S P, Klotz S G. Effects of topiramate. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 526–7
- Kushner S F, Khan A, Lane R, Olson W H. Topiramate monotherapy in the management of acute mania: results of four double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8: 15–27
- Zhang W, Connor K M, Davidson J R. Levetiracetam in social phobia: placebo controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: 551–3
- Muralidharan A, Bhagwagar Z. Potential of levetiracetam in mood disorders: a preliminary review. CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 969–79
- Mazza M, Martini A, Scoppetta M, Mazza S. Effect of levetiracetam on depression and anxiety in adult epileptic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 539–43
- French J, Edrich P, Cramer J A. Systematic review of the safety profile of levetiracetam: new antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Res 2001; 47: 77–90
- Mula M, Trimble M R, Yuen A, Liu R S, Sander J W. Psychiatric adverse events during levetiracetam therapy. Neurology 2003; 61: 704–6
- Ghaemi S N, Zablotsky B, Filkowski M M, et al. An open prospective study of zonisamide in acute bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26: 385–8
- Ghaemi S N, Shirzadi A A, Klugman J, Berv D A, Pardo T B, Filkowski M M. Is adjunctive open-label zonisamide effective for bipolar disorder?. J Affect Disord 2008; 105: 311–4
- Ghaemi S N, Baldessarini R J. The manic-depressive spectrum and mood stabilization: Kraepelin's ghost. Psychother Psychosom 2007; 76: 65–9
- Akiskal H S, Benazzi F. Continuous distribution of atypical depressive symptoms between major depressive and bipolar II disorders: dose-response relationship with bipolar family history. Psychopathology 2008; 41: 39–42
- Phelps J, Angst J, Katzow J, Sadler J. Validity and utility of bipolar spectrum models. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 179–93
- Goodwin F K, Jamison K R. Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York 2007; 8–25
- United States Food and Drug Administration. Statistical review and evaluation: antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. 2008, At http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/