Tobacco Smoking in Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatients

REFERENCES

• Albers , A. B. , & Biener , L. ( 2002 ). The role of smoking and rebelliousness in the development of depressive symptoms among a cohort of Massachusetts adolescents. Preventative Medicine , 34 , 625 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders () , 4th ed. . Washington , DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Berard , R. M. F. , Lockhart , I. A. , Boermeester , F. , & Tredoux , C. ( 2002 ). Cigarette smoking in an adolescent psychiatric population. South African Medical Journal , 92 , 58 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyle , M. H. , Offord , D. R. , Racine , Y. A. , Szatmari , P. , Fleming , J. E. , & Links , P. S. ( 1992 ). Predicting substance use in late adolescence: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study Follow-Up. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 , 761 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Kilbey , M. , & Andreski , P. ( 1991 ). Nicotine dependence, major depression, and anxiety in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry , 48 , 1069 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Peterson , E. L. , Schultz , L. R. , Chilcoat , H. D. , & Andreski , P. ( 1998 ). Major depression and stages of smoking: A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 , 161 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. A. , Lewinsohn , P. M. , Seeley , J. R. , & Wagner , E. F. ( 1996 ). Cigarette smoking, major depression and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 , 1602 – 1610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabrol , H. , Niezborala , M. , Chastan , E. , Monstastruc , J. L. , & Mullet , E. ( 2002 ). A study of the psychometric properties of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addictive Behaviours , 2 , 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , G. , Sherritt , L. , & Knight , J. R. ( 2005 ). Adolescent cigarette smoking and mental health symptoms. Journal of Adolescent Health , 36 , 517 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin , L. , Presson , C. C. , Rose , J. S. , & Sherman , S. J. ( 1996 ). The natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood: Demographic predictors of continuity and change. Health Psychology , 15 , 478 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin , L. , Presson , C. C. , Sherman , S. J. , & Edwards , D. A. ( 1990 ). The natural history of cigarette smoking: Predicting young-adult smoking outcomes from adolescent smoking patterns. Health Psychology , 9 , 701 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby , S. M. , Tiffany , S. T. , Shiffman , S. , & Niaura , R. S. ( 2000 ). Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 59 ( Suppl. 1 ), S83 – S95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covey , L. S. , & Tam , D. ( 1990 ). Depressive mood, the single-parent home, and adolescent cigarette smoking. American Journal of Public Health , 80 , 1330 – 1333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling , H. , & Reeder , A. I. ( 2003 ). Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke at home and its relation to daily smoking among New Zealand youth. Paper presented at 12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, August 3–8, Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Dierker , L. C. , Avenevoli , S. , Merikangas , K. R. , Flaherty , B. P. , & Stolar , M. ( 2001 ). Association between psychiatric disorders and the progression of tobacco use behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 , 1159 – 1167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFranza , J. R. , Savageau , J. A. , Rigotti , N. A. , Fletcher , K. , Ockene , J. K. , McNeill , A. D. , … Wood , C. ( 2002 ). Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30 month follow up data from the DANDY study. Tobacco Control , 11 , 228 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozois , D. N. , Farrow , J. A. , & Miser , A. (1995). Smoking patterns and cessation motivations during adolescence. International Journal of the Addictions , 30, 1485–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerstrom , K. O. , Heatherton , T. F. , & Kozlowski , L. T. ( 1992 ). Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal , 69 , 763 – 767 .
   Google Scholar
• Federman , E. B. , Costello , E. J. , Angold , A. , Farmer , E. M. Z. , & Erkanli , A. ( 1997 ). Development of substance use and psychiatric comorbidity in an epidemiologic study of white and American Indian young adolescents: The Great Smoky Mountains Study. Drug & Alcohol Dependence , 44 , 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , & Horwood , L. J. ( 1995 ). Transitions to cigarette smoking during adolescence. Addictive Behaviors , 20 , 627 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , Lynskey , M. T. , & Horwood , L. J. ( 1996 ). Comorbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Archive of General Psychiatry , 53 , 1043 – 1047 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais , A. , O'Loughlin , J. , Meshefedjian , G. , Bancej , C. , & Tremblay , M. ( 2006 ). Milestones in the natural course of onset of cigarette use among adolescents. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 175 , 255 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman , A. H. , Helzer , J. E. , Covey , L. S. , Cottler , L. B. , Stetner , F. , Tipp , J. E. , & Johnson , J. ( 1990 ). Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. The Journal of the American Medical Association , 264 , 1546 – 1549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritz , E. R. , Prokhorov , A. V. , Hudmon , K. S. , Chamberlain , R. M. , Taylor , W. C. , DiClemente , C. C. , … Amos , C. I. ( 1998 ). Cigarette smoking in a multi-ethnic population of youth: Methods and baseline findings. Preventative Medicine , 27 , 365 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakko , H. , Lintunen , J. , Lappalainen , J. , Makikyro , T. , Rasanen , P. , & Timonen , M. ( 2006 ). Nicotine use and dependence and their association to psychiatric disorders in a large sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Addictive Behaviors , 31 , 1873 – 1880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , W. E. , Hawkins , M. J. , & Seeley , J. ( 1992 ). Stress, health-related behaviour and quality of life on depressive symptomatology in a sample of adolescents. Psychological Reports , 71 , 183 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningfield , J. E. , Schuh , L. M. , & Jarvik , M. E. ( 1995 ). Pathophysiology of tobacco dependence . In F. E. Bloom , & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress (pp. 1715 – 1729 ). New York , NY : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. R. ( 1996 ). The future of smoking cessation therapy in the United States. Addiction , 91 , 1797 – 1802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. R. , Hatsukami , D. K. , Mitchell , J. E. , & Dahlgren , L. A. ( 1986 ). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 , 993 – 997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. G. , Cohen , P. , Pine , D. S. , Klein , D. F. , Kasen , S. , & Brook , J. S. ( 2000 ). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early childhood. The Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 , 2349 – 2351 .
   Google Scholar
• Kandel , D. B. , & Davies , M. ( 1986 ). Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry , 43 , 255 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel , D. B. , Johnson , J. G. , Bird , H. G. , Canino , G. , Goodman , S. H. , Lahey , B. B. , … Schwab-Stone , M. (1997). Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: Findings from the methods for the epidemiology of child and adolescent mental disorders (MECA) study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 25, 121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel , D. , Schaffran , C. , Griesler , P. , Samuolis , J. , Davies , M. , & Galanti , R. ( 2005 ). On the measurement of nicotine dependence and adolescence: Comparisons of the mFTQ and a DSM-IV-based scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 30 , 319 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler , K. S. , Neale , M. C. , MacLean , C. J. , Heath , A. C. , Eaves , L. J. , & Kessler , R. C. ( 1993 ). Smoking and major depression: A causal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 , 36 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugesen , M. ( 1996 ). Tobacco statistics . Wellington , New Zealand : Cancer Society of New Zealand and the New Zealand Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , C. A. , Milich , R. , Martin , W. R. , Hartung , C. M. , & Haigler , E. D. ( 1997 ). Gender differences in adolescent psychiatric outpatient substance use: Associated behaviours and feelings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 486 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milberger , S. , Biederman , J. , Faraone , S. V. , Chen , L. , & Jones , J. ( 1997 ). ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 37 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health . ( 2002 ). Tobacco facts, May 2002 . Wellington , New Zealand : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health . ( 2005 ). Tobacco facts, 2005 (Occasional Report) . Wellington , New Zealand : Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health . ( 2006 ). Tobacco trends, 2006. Monitoring tobacco use in New Zealand 2006 . Wellington , New Zealand : Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , M. G. , & Brown , S. A. ( 1997 ). Cigarette smoking four years following treatment for adolescent substance abuse. The Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse , 7 , 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , G. C. , Carlin , J. B. , Coffey , C. , Wolfe , R. , Hibbert , M. , & Bowes , G. ( 1998 ). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: A prospective study over 3 years. American Journal of Public Health , 88 , 1518 – 1522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerleau , C. S. ( 1997 ). Co-factors for smoking and evolutionary psychobiology. Addiction , 92 , 397 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerleau , C. S. , Carton , S. , Lutzke , M. , Flessland , K. , & Pomerleau , O. ( 1994 ). Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addictive Behaviors , 19 , 33 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokhoro , A. V. , Pallonen , U. E. , Fava , J. L. , Ding , L. , & Niaura , R. ( 1996 ). Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. Addictive Behaviors , 21 , 117 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey , S. E. , Brown , R. A. , Strong , D. R. , & Sales , S. D. ( 2002 ). Cigarette smoking among adolescent psychiatric inpatients: Prevalence and correlates. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 14 , 149 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riggs , P. D. , Mikulich , S. K. , Whitmore , E. A. , & Crowley , T. J. ( 1999 ). Relationship of ADHD, depression, and non-tobacco substance use disorders to nicotine dependence in substance-dependent delinquents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 54 , 195 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellman , J. D. , Wootton , A. R. , Stoner , D. B. , Deering , D. E. , & Craig , B. J. ( 1999 ). Increasing diagnosis of nicotine dependence in adolescent mental health patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 33 , 869 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaar , K. , Tsoh , J. Y. , McClure , J. B. , Cinciripini , P. M. , Friedman , K. , Wetter , D. W. , & Gritz , E. R. (1997). Smoking cessation 1: An overview of research. Behavioral Medicine , 23, 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , W. R. ( 1995 ). DSM-III-R Tobacco dependence and quitting during late adolescence. Addictive Behaviors , 20 , 595 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong , D. R. , Brown , R. A. , Ramsey , S. E. , & Myers , M. G. ( 2003 ). Nicotine dependence measures among adolescents with psychiatric disorders: Evaluating symptom expression as a function of dependence severity. Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 5 , 735 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyaya , H. P. , Brady , K. T. , Wharton , M. , & Liao , J. ( 2003 ). Psychiatric disorders and cigarette smoking among child and adolescent psychiatry inpatients. The American Journal on Addictions , 12 , 144 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health, & Human Services . ( 1994 ). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General 1994 . Rockville , MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wilens , T. E. , Biederman , J. , Abrantes , A. M. , & Spencer , T. J. (1997). Clinical characteristics of psychiatrically referred adolescent outpatients with substance use disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36, 941–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar