Illicit Drug Use From Adolescence to Young Adulthood Among Child Welfare-Involved Youths

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. A. ( 2001 ). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles . Burlington , VT : University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families .
   Google Scholar
• Administration for Children and Families . ( 2010 ). Child maltreatment 2009 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , A. R. , & Henry , C. S. ( 1994 ). Family system characteristics and parental behaviors as predictors of adolescent substance use . Adolescence , 29 ( 114 ), 405 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayón , C. , & Marcenko , M. O. ( 2008 ). Depression among Latino children in the public child welfare system . Children and Youth Services Review , 30 , 1366 – 1375 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballon , B. C. , Courbasson , C. M. A. , & Smith , P. D. ( 2001 ). Physical and sexual abuse issues among youths with substance use problems . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie , 46 ( 7 ), 617 – 621 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blazer , D. G. , Kessler , R. C. , McGonagle , K. A. , & Swartz , M. S. ( 1994 ). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 , 979 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. A. , & Curran , P. ( 2005 ). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective . New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. J. , Griffin , K. W. , Gronewold , E. , Macaulay , A. P. , & Williams , C. ( 2005 ). Parenting practices and adolescent drug-related knowledge, attitudes, norms and behavior . Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education , 49 ( 2 ), 67 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , D. D. , Catalano , R. F. , Haggerty , K. , Gainey , R. R. , & Fleming , C. B. ( 1998 ). A meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction . Addiction , 93 , 72 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. ( 1989 ). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children . Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. ( 1996 ). Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) professional manual . Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 1999 ). YRBSS: Youth risk behavior surveillance system . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/
   Google Scholar
• Chandy , J. M. , Blum , R. W. , & Resnick , M. D. ( 1996 ). Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents . Child Abuse & Neglect , 20 ( 12 ), 1219 – 1231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin , L. , Pitts , S. , & Prost , J. ( 2002 ). Binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood in a high-risk sample: Predictors and substance abuse outcomes . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 , 67 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat , H. D. , & Anthony , J. C. ( 1996 ). Impact of parent monitoring on initiation of drug use through late childhood . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 ( 1 ), 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat , H. D. , & Breslau , N. ( 1998 ). Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders—Testing causal pathways . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 ( 10 ), 913 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti , D. V. ( 1989 ). How research on child maltreatment has informed the study of child development: Perspectives from developmental pychopathology . In D. V. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child maltreatment and neglect (pp. 377 – 431 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , D. B. , Cornelius , J. R. , Kirisci , L. , & Tarter , R. E. ( 2005 ). Childhood risk categories for adolescent substance involvement: A general liability typology . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 77 ( 1 ), 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalaker , J. ( 2001 ). Poverty in the United States: 2000 . Retrieved from http://ict.cas.psu.edu/resources/Census/PDF/C2K_Poverty_in_USA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. , & Sondheimer , D. L. ( 2005 ). State child mental health efforts to support youth in transition to adulthood . Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research , 32 ( 1 ), 27 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. L. , & Stevens , S. J. ( 2003 ). Maltreatment issues and outcomes of adolescents enrolled in substance abuse treatment . Journal of Child Maltreatment , 8 ( 1 ), 3 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dishion , T. J. , Patterson , G. R. , Stoolmiller , M. , & Skinner , M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Development Psychology , 27(1), 172–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djedda , C. , Facchin , P. , Ranzato , C. , & Romer , C. ( 2000 ). Child abuse: Current problems and key public health challenges . Social Science and Medicine , 51 , 905 – 915 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan , S. C. , Duncan , T. E. , & Strycker , L. A. ( 2006 ). Alcohol use from ages 9 to 16: A cohort-sequential latent growth model . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 81 ( 1 ), 71 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder , G. H. ( 1998 ). The life course as developmental theory . Child Development , 69 ( 1 ), 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. S. , Huizinga , D. , & Ageton , S. ( 1985 ). Explaining delinquency and drug use . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Garnefski , N. , & Diekstra , R. F. W. ( 1997 ). Child sexual abuse and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence: Gender differences . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 ( 3 ), 323 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , B. F. , & Dawson , D. A. ( 1998 ). Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiological Survey . Journal of Substance Abuse , 10 , 163 – 173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grella , C. E. , Hser , Y. I. , Joshi , V. , & Rounds-Bryant , J. ( 2001 ). Drug treatment outcomes for adolescents with comorbid mental and substance use disorders . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 ( 6 ), 384 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grella , C. E. , & Joshi , V. ( 2003 ). Treatment processes and outcomes among adolescents with a history of abuse who are in drug treatment . Child Maltreatment , 8 ( 1 ), 7 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halkitis , P. N. , Manasse , A. N. , & McCready , K. C. ( 2010 ). Illicit drug use in a community-based sample of heterosexually identified emerging adults . Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse , 19 ( 4 ), 300 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga , J. D. , Catalano , R. F. , & Miller , J. Y. ( 1994 ). Urban delinquency and substance abuse: Initial findings. Research summary (N. NCJ 143454). Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/urdel.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ireland , T. O. , Smith , C. A. , & Thornberry , T. P. ( 2002 ). Developmental issues in the impact of child maltreatment on later delinquency and drug use . Criminology , 40 ( 2 ), 359 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. , Bachman , J. G. , & Schulenberg , J. E. ( 2007 ). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2006 (NIH Publication No. 076202) . Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. , Bachman , J. G. , & Schulenberg , J. E. ( 2010 ). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2009 (NIH Publication No. 10–7583) . Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. , & Kaufman , N. ( 1990 ). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) . Circle Pines , MN : American Guidance Service .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Andrews , G. , Mroczek , D. , Ustun , T. B. , & Wittchen , H.-U. ( 1998 ). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF) . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 7 , 171 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick , D. G. , Acierno , R. , Saunders , B. , Resnick , H. S. , Best , C. L. , & Schnurr , P. P. ( 2000 ). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 ( 1 ), 19 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. M. , & Neff , J. A. ( 2010 ). Direct and indirect effects of parental influence upon adolescent alcohol use: A structural equation modeling analysis . Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse , 19 ( 3 ), 244 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlenberg , E. , Nordlund , D. , Lowin , A. , Treichler , B. , & Department of Social and Health Services, Research and Data Analysis Division . ( 2002 ). Alcohol and substance use among adolescents in foster care in Washington State: Results from the 1998–1999 Adolescent Foster Care Survey (N. 438). Retrieved from http://www1.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/ms/rda/research/4/38.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs , M. ( 1992 ). Children's Depression Inventory . North Tonawanda , NY : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Liebschutz , J. , Savetsky , J. B. , Saitz , R. , Horton , N. J. , Lloyd-Travaglini , C. , & Samet , J. H. ( 2002 ). The relationship between sexual and physical abuse and substance abuse consequences . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 22 ( 3 ), 121 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , R. J. A. , & Rubin , D. B. ( 1987 ). Statistical analysis with missing data . New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lo , C. C. , & Cheng , T. C. ( 2007 ). The impact of childhood maltreatment on young adults' substance abuse . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 33 ( 1 ), 139 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , J. , Kern , D. E. , Kolodner , K. , Dill , L. , Schroeder , A. F. , DeChant , H. K. , … Bass , E. B. ( 1997 ). Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse—unhealed wounds . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 ( 17 ), 1362 – 1368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas , K. R. , Stolar , M. , Stevens , D. E. , Goulet , J. , Preisig , M. A. , Fenton , B. , … Rounsaville , B. J. ( 1998 ). Familial transmission of substance use disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 ( 11 ), 973 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , P. B. , Vuchinich , S. , & Hall , N. K. ( 2004 ). Associations between types of maltreatment and substance use during adolescence . Child Abuse and Neglect , 28 , 565 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , B. , & Shedden , K. ( 1999 ). Finite mixture modeling with mixture outcomes using the EM algorithm . Biometrics , 55 , 463 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSCAW Research Group . ( 2002 ). Methodological lessons from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being: The first three years of the USA's first national probability study of children and families investigated for abuse and neglect . Children and Youth Services Review , 24 ( 6/7 ), 513 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton , H. D. , Riggs , P. D. , & Libby , A. M. ( 2009 ). Prevalence and characteristics of depression and substance use in a U.S. child welfare sample . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 ( 6 ), 649 – 653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilowsky , D. J. , & Wu , L. T. ( 2006 ). Psychiatric symptoms and substance use disorders in a nationally representative sample of American adolescents involved with foster care . Journal of Adolescent Health , 38 ( 4 ), 351 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirard , S. , Sharon , E. , Kang , S. K. , Angarita , G. A. , & Gastfriend , D. R. ( 2005 ). Prevalence of physical and sexual abuse among substance abuse patients and impact on treatment outcomes . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 78 ( 1 ), 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringeisen , H. , Casanueva , C. E. , Urato , M. , & Stambaugh , L. F. ( 2009 ). Mental health service use during the transition to adulthood for adolescents reported to the child welfare system . Psychiatric Services , 60 ( 8 ), 1084 – 1091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , C. L. , Liddle , H. A. , Greenbaum , P. E. , & Henderson , C. E. ( 2004 ). Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 26 ( 2 ), 129 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RTI International . ( 2007 ). SUDAAN user's manual, release 9.0.1 . Research Triangle Park , NC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Schafer , J. L. , & Graham , J. W. ( 2002 ). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art . Psychological Methods , 7 ( 2 ), 147 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling , E. A. , Aseltine , R. H. , & Gore , S. ( 2007 ). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey . BMC Public Health , 7 ( 147 ), 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sells , C. W. , & Blum , R. ( 1996 ). Current trends in adolescent health . In R. J. DeClemente , W. B. Hansen , & W. B. Boynton (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent risk behavior (pp. 5–33) . New York , NY : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , S. J. , Murphy , B. S. , & McKnight , K. (2003). Traumatic stress and gender differences in relation to substance abuse, mental health, physical health and HIV risk behavior in a sample of adolescents enrolled in drug treatment. Child Maltreatment , 8, 46–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart , S. H. , & Conrod , P. J. (Eds.) . ( 2003 ). Psychosocial models of functional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , S. H. , Pihl , R. O. , Conrod , P. J. , & Dongier , M. ( 1998 ). Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders . Addictive Behaviors , 23 ( 6 ), 797 – 812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 2010 ). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10–4586 findings). Rockville, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies . ( 2005 ). The OAS report: Substance use and need for treatment among youth who have been in foster care. Retrieved from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/FosterCare/FosterCare.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies . ( 2007 ). Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings . Retrieved from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/2k6Results.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sung , M. J. , Erkanli , A. , Angold , A. , & Costello , E. J. ( 2004 ). Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 75 ( 3 ), 287 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children & Families . ( 2005 ). National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being: CPS sample component, wave 1 data analysis report . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General . ( 2007 ). The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and reduce underage drinking . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wade , T. J. , & Pevalin , D. J. ( 2005 ). Adolescent delinquency and health . Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice , 47 ( 4 ), 619 – 654 .
   Google Scholar
• Wall , A. E. , & Kohl , P. L. ( 2007 ). Substance use in maltreated youth: Findings from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being . Child Maltreatment , 12 ( 1 ), 20 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , M. Q. , Matthew , R. F. , Bellamy , N. , & James , S. ( 2005 ). A structural model of the substance use pathways among minority youth . American Journal of Health Behavior , 29 ( 6 ), 531 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom , C. S. , Marmorstein , N. R. , & White , H. R. ( 2006 ). Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 20 ( 4 ), 394 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom , C. S. , Weiler , B. L. , & Cottler , L. B. ( 1999 ). Childhood victimization and drug abuse: A comparison of prospective and retrospective findings . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 ( 6 ), 867 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willet , J. B. , & Sayer , A. G. ( 1994 ). Using covariance structure analysis to detect correlates and predictors of individual change over time . Psychological Bulletin , 116 , 363 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle , M. , & Davies , P. T. ( 1999 ). Depression and heavy alcohol use among adolescents: Concurrent and prospective relations . Development and Psychopathology , 11 ( 4 ), 823 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . ( 2006 ). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence . Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar