Working Memory Training for Adolescents With Cannabis Use Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

References

• Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556–559. doi:10.1126/science.1736359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., & Martin, E. M. (2004). Impaired decision making related to working memory deficits in individuals with substance addictions. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 152–162. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, B., Wagner, D., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Spuentrup, E., & Daumann, J. (2010). The impact of early-onset cannabis use on functional brain correlates of working memory. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 34(6), 837–845. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, K., Tripodi, S. J., Sarteschi, C., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce adolescent cannabis use. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(2), 153–164. doi:10.1177/1049731510380226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Landes, R. D., Hill, P. F., & Baxter, C. (2011). Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts. Biological Psychiatry, 69(3), 260–265. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigorra, A., Garolera, M., Guijarro, S., & Hervas, A. (2016). Long-term far-transfer effects of working memory training in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8), 853–867. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0804-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chestnut Health Systems. (2010). Global appraisal of individual needs: Administrative guide for the GAIN and related measures [version 5.6.2]. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Ferrin, M., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Dittmann, R. W., … European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). (2015). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 164–174. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. L., Powers, M. B., Handelsman, P., Medina, J. L., Zvolensky, M., & Smits, J. A. (2015). Behavioral therapies for treatment-seeking cannabis users: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 38(1), 94–114. doi:10.1177/0163278714529970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Esposito, M. (2007). From cognitive to neural models of working memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 761–772. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, W., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Record, 52, 479–492. doi:10.1007/BF03395199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, M. (2005). Cannabis “dependence” and attentional bias for cannabis-related words. Behavioural Pharmacology, 16(5–6), 473–476. doi:10.1097/00008877-200509000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn, P. R., Justus, A., Mazas, C., & Steinmetz, J. E. (1999). Working memory, executive processes and the effects of alcohol on go/no-go learning: Testing a model of behavioral regulation and impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 465–472. doi:10.1007/PL00005492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2005). Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana: A comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27(2), 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C., & Stegmann, Z. (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1–16. doi:10.1002/acp.934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, K. L., Winward, J. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., Medina, K. L., Brown, S. A., & Tapert, S. F. (2010). Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence. Addictive Behaviors, 35(11), 970–976. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, M. A., Sellman, J. D., Porter, R. J., & Frampton, C. M. (2007). The relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognition. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(3), 309–319. doi:10.1080/09595230701247772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223–233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). Getting a grip on drinking behavior: Training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse. Psychological Science, 22(7), 968–975. doi:10.1177/0956797611412392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, C., & Melby-Lervåg, M. (2012). Current evidence does not support the claims made for CogMed working memory training. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(3), 197–200. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager, G., Block, R. I., Luijten, M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2010). Cannabis use and memory brain function in adolescent boys: A cross-sectional multicenter functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(6), 561–572, 572.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W. (2012). An efficient operant choice procedure for assessing delay discounting in humans: Initial validation in cocaine-dependent and control individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(3), 191–204. doi:10.1037/a0027088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review, 17(3), 213–233. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kable, J. W., Caulfield, M. K., Falcone, M., McConnell, M., Bernardo, L., Parthasarathi, T., … Diefenbach, P. (2017). No effect of commercial cognitive training on brain activity, choice behavior, or cognitive performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(31), 7390–7402. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2832-16.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowal, B. P., Yi, R., Erisman, A. C., & Bickel, W. K. (2007). A comparison of two algorithms in computerized temporal discounting procedures. Behavioural Processes, 75(2), 231–236. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 328–341. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marhe, R., Luijten, M., van de Wetering, B. J., Smits, M., & Franken, I. H. (2013). Individual differences in anterior cingulate activation associated with attentional bias predict cocaine use after treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(6), 1085–1093. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina, K. L., Hanson, K. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., Cohen-Zion, M., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 13(5), 807–820. doi:10.1017/S1355617707071032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2013). Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 270–291. doi:10.1037/a0028228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016). Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer”: Evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 11(4), 512–534. doi:10.1177/1745691616635612
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moeller, F. G., Steinberg, J. L., Schmitz, J. M., Ma, L., Liu, S., Kjome, K. L., … Narayana, P. A. (2010). Working memory fMRI activation in cocaine-dependent subjects: Association with treatment response. Psychiatry Research, 181(3), 174–182. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myerson, J., Green, L., & Warusawitharana, M. (2001). Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76(2), 235–243. doi:10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padula, C. B., Schweinsburg, A. D., & Tapert, S. F. (2007). Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 478–487. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini, D., White, H. R., Xiong, S., Bechtold, J., Chung, T., Loeber, R., & Hipwell, A. (2015). Unfazed or dazed and confused: Does early adolescent marijuana use cause sustained impairments in attention and academic functioning? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(7), 1203–1217. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0012-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peijnenborgh, J. C., Hurks, P. M., Aldenkamp, A. P., Vles, J. S., & Hendriksen, J. G. (2016). Efficacy of working memory training in children and adolescents with learning disabilities: A review study and meta-analysis. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(5–6), 645–672. doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1026356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry, N. M., & Martin, B. (2002). Low-cost contingency management for treating cocaine- and opioid-abusing methadone patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 398–405. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry, N. M., Martin, B., Cooney, J. L., & Kranzler, H. R. (2000). Give them prizes, and they will come: Contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 250–257. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock, S. J. (1983). Clinical trials: A practical approach. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(6), 825–837. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rass, O., Schacht, R. L., Buckheit, K., Johnson, M. W., Strain, E. C., & Mintzer, M. Z. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of the effects of working memory training in methadone maintenance patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redick, T. S., Shipstead, Z., Wiemers, E. A., Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2015). What's working in working memory training? An educational perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 27(4), 617–633. doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9314-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repovs, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139(1), 5–21. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome, E. D., & Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20(5), 343–350. doi:10.1037/h0043220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rupp, C. I., Kemmler, G., Kurz, M., Hinterhuber, H., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2012). Cognitive remediation therapy during treatment for alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(4), 625–634. doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1526–1540. doi:10.1037/a0013345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, R. H., Gruenewald, P. J., Klitzner, M., & Fedio, P. (1989). Short-term memory impairment in cannabis-dependent adolescents. American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960), 143(10), 1214–1219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schweinsburg, A. D., Brown, S. A., & Tapert, S. F. (2008). The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 1(1), 99–111. doi:10.2174/1874473710801010099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schweinsburg, A. D., Nagel, B. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., Park, A., Theilmann, R. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2008). Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Research, 163(1), 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweinsburg, A. D., Schweinsburg, B. C., Medina, K. L., McQueeny, T., Brown, S. A., & Tapert, S. F. (2010). The influence of recency of use on fMRI response during spatial working memory in adolescent marijuana users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(3), 401–412. doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, N. W., McPherson, G. C., Ramsay, C. R., & Campbell, M. K. (2002). The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials: A review. Controlled Clinical Trials, 23(6), 662–674. doi:10.1016/S0197-2456(02)00242-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinaver, C. S., III, Entwistle, P. C., & Soderqvist, S. (2014). CogMed WM training: Reviewing the reviews. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 3(3), 163–172. doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.875314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2012). Is working memory training effective? Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 628–654. doi:10.1037/a0027473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. M., Longo, C. A., Fried, P. A., Hogan, M. J., & Cameron, I. (2010). Effects of marijuana on visuospatial working memory: An fMRI study in young adults. Psychopharmacology, 210(3), 429–438. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1841-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back. In R. Litten and J. Allen (eds.), Measuring Alcohol Consumption (p. 992). Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer-Smith, M., & Klingberg, T. (2015). Benefits of a working memory training program for inattention in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 10(3), e0119522. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Fu, H., Landes, R. D., Jones, B. A., Bickel, W. K., & Budney, A. J. (2012). Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(3), 205–212. doi:10.1037/a0026543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Scherer, E. A., Norton, G. E., & Budney, A. J. (2015). Clinic- and home-based contingency management plus parent training for adolescent cannabis use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(6), 445–453. e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016a). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (No.HHS Publication No. SMA 16–4984, NSDUH Series H-51). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016b). Treatment episode data set (TEDS): 2004–2014. national admissions to substance abuse treatment services (No.BHSIS Series S-84, HHS Publication No.SMA 16–4986). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Teichner, G., Horner, M. D., & Harvey, R. T. (2001). Neuropsychological predictors of the attainment of treatment objectives in substance abuse patients. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 106(3–4), 253–263. doi:10.3109/00207450109149753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (2006). A comprehensive review of the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 21(1), 53–76. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N., Rees, L., Baird, B., & Kost, J. (2004). The effects of list difficulty and modality of presentation on a computerized version of the paced serial addition test (PSAT). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 257–265. doi:10.1076/jcen.26.2.257.28080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo, H. T., Schacht, R., Mintzer, M., & Fishman, M. (2014). Working memory impairment in cannabis- and opioid-dependent adolescents. Substance Abuse, 35(4), 387–390. doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.954027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wiederholt, J. L., & Bryant, B. R. (2012). Gray oral reading test (5th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar