Use of facial composite systems in US law enforcement agencies

References

• Boylan , J. 2001 . Portraits of guilt: the woman who profiles the faces of America's deadliest criminals , New York : Pocket Star Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , V. , Ness , H. , Hancock , P. J. , Newman , C. and Rarity , J. 2002 . Four heads are better than one: Combining face composites yields improvements in face likeness . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 894 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie , D. F. and Ellis , H. D. 1981 . Photofit constructions versus verbal descriptions of faces . Journal of Applied Psychology , 66 : 358 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , B. L. , Penrod , S. D. and Stuve , T. E. 1988 . Jury decision making in eyewitness identification cases . Law and Human Behavior , 12 : 41 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , B. , Stocklein , C. J. and Penrod , S. D. 1988 . Empirical examination of a computerized facial composite production system . Forensic Reports , 1 : 207 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. 1981 . “ Face recall systems ” . In Perceiving and remembering faces , Edited by: Davies , G. , Ellis , H. and Shepherd , J. 227 – 250 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. 1983 . “ Forensic face recall: The role of visual and verbal information ” . In Evaluating witness evidence: Recent psychological research and new perspectives , Edited by: Lloyd-Bostock , S. and Clifford , B. R. 103 – 136 . New York : John Wiley & Sons Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. and Christie , D. 1982 . Face recall: An examination of some factors limiting composite production accuracy . Journal of Applied Psychology , 67 : 103 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , G. and Little , M. 1990 . Drawing on memory: Exploring the expertise of a police artist . Medicine, Science, & the Law , 30 : 345 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , G. , Ellis , H. and Shepherd , J. 1978 . Face identification: The influence of delay upon accuracy of Photofit construction . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 76 : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. M. , Milne , A. and Shepherd , J. W. 1983 . Searching for operator skills in face composite reproduction . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 11 : 405 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. M. , Shepherd , J. , Shepherd , J. , Flin , R. and Ellis , H. 1986 . Training skills in police photofit operators . Policing , 2 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , G. M. , van der Willik , P. and Morrison , L. J. 2000 . Facial composite production: A comparison of mechanical and computer-driven systems . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 119 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , H. D. and Shepherd , J. W. 1992 . “ Face memory: Theory and practice ” . In Aspects of memory , Edited by: Gruneberg , P. , Morris , M. and Sykes , R. Vol. 1 , 136 – 143 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , H. D. , Davies , G. M. and Shepherd , J. W. 1978 . A critical examination of the Photo-fit system for recalling faces . Ergonomics , 21 : 297 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , H. , Shepherd , J. and Davies , G. 1975 . An investigation of the use of the Photo-fit technique for recalling faces . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. P. and Geiselman , R. E. 1992 . Memory-Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Frowd , C. D. , Carson , D. , Ness , H. , McQuiston , D. , Richardson , J. Baldwin , H. 2005a . Contemporary composite techniques: The impact of a forensically-relevant target delay . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 10 : 63 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd , C. D. , Carson , D. , Ness , H. , Richardson , J. , Morrison , L. McLanaghan , S. 2005b . A forensically valid comparison of facial composite systems . Psychology, Crime & Law , 11 : 33 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , D. L. and Geiselman , R. E. 1989 . Building composite facial images: effects of feature saliency and delay of construction . Journal of Applied Psychology , 74 : 714 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehn , C. E. and Fisher , R. P. 1997 . Constructing facial composites with the Mac-a-Mug Pro system . Psychology, Crime & Law , 3 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovera , M. B. , Penrod , S. D. , Pappas , C. and Thill , D. L. 1997 . Identification of computer-generated facial composites . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 235 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughery , K. R. , Duval , C. , & Fowler , R. H. (1977) . An analysis of procedures for generating facial images. Mug File Project, Report No. UHMUG-2 . Houston, TX : University of Houston .
   Google Scholar
• Laughery , K. L. and Fowler , R. H. 1980 . Sketch artist and Identi-Kit procedures for recalling faces . Journal of Applied Psychology , 65 : 307 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpass , R.S. and Devine , P.G. 1981 . Guided memory in eyewitness identification . Journal of Applied Psychology , 66 : 482 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuiston , D. E. (2003) . Verbal and visual processes in face recall: Assessing the role of perceptual expertise . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at El Paso .
   Google Scholar
• National Public Safety Information Bureau . 1999 . National directory of law enforcement administrators, correctional institutions and related agencies , SPAN Publishing, Inc, Colorudo Springs, Colorado .
   Google Scholar
• Penry , J. 1971 . Looking at faces and remembering them: A guide to facial identification , London : Elek Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rattner , A. 1988 . Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and the criminal justice system . Law and Human Behavior , 12 : 283 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheck , B. , Neufeld , P. and Dwyer , J. 2001 . Actual innocence: Five days to execution and other dispatches from the wrongly convicted , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Shaharazam , I. 1986 . The Mac-a-Mug Pro manual , Milwaukee, WI : Shaharazam .
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , J. W. and Ellis , H. 1996 . “ Face recall – methods and problems ” . In Psychological issues in eyewitness identification , Edited by: Sporer , S. L. , Malpass , R. S. and Köhnken , G. 87 – 115 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Technical Working Group on Eyewitness Evidence . 1999 . Eyewitness evidence: A guide for law enforcement , Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice. NCJ 178240 .
   Google Scholar
• Topp , L. , McQuiston , D. E. , & Malpass , R. S. (2003) . Exploring composite production and its subsequent effects on eyewitness memory . Presented at the 2003 Meetings of the European–American Psychology–Law/American Psychology–Law Society , Edinburgh , Scotland .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , G. L. , Malpass , R. S. , Lindsay , R. C. L. , Fisher , R. P. , Turtle , J. W. and Fulero , S. M. 2000 . From the lab to the police station: A successful application of eyewitness research . American Psychologist , 55 : 581 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , G. L. , Small , M. , Penrod , S. , Malpass , R. S. , Fulero , S. M. and Brimacombe , C. A. E. 1998 . Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photospreads . Law and Human Behavior , 23 : 603 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogalter , M. S. and Marwitz , D. 1991 . Facial composite construction: In-view and from-memory quality and improvement with practice . Ergonomics , 34 : 459 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar