4,588
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Self-esteem, shame, cognitive distortions and empathy in sexual offenders: their integration and treatment implications

, , &
Pages 217-234 | Received 09 May 2009, Published online: 20 Mar 2009

References

  • Allport , G.W. 1943 . The ego in contemporary psychology . Psychological Review , 50 : 451 – 478 .
  • Anderson , D. and Dodgson , P.G. 2002 . “ Empathy deficits, self-esteem, & cognitive distortions in sexual offenders ” . In In their shoes: Examining the issue of empathy and its place in the treatment of offenders , Edited by: Fernandez , Y.M. 73 – 90 . Oklahoma City, OK : Wood ‘N’ Barnes Publishing .
  • Andrews , D.A. and Bonta , J. 2001 . The psychology of criminal conduct , 3rd edn , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson .
  • Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
  • Bandura , A. 1978 . Reflections on self-efficacy . Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy , 1 : 237 – 369 .
  • Barrett , K.C. 1995 . “ A functionalist approach to shame and guilt ” . In Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride , Edited by: Tangney , J.P. and Fischer , K.W. 25 – 63 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bartholomew , K. & Perlman , D. ( 1994 ). Attachment processes in adulthood . London : Jessica Kingsley .
  • Bates , A. and Metcalf , C. 2007 . A psychometric comparison of internet and non-internet sex offenders from a community treatment sample . Journal of Sexual Aggression , 13 : 11 – 20 .
  • Batson , C.D. 1987 . “ Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 20 , 65 – 122 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Batson , C.D. 1991 . The altruism question: Toward a social–psychological answer , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Batson , C.D. , Fultz , J. and Schoenrade , P.A. 1987 . Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences . Journal of Personality , 55 : 19 – 39 .
  • Batson , C.D. , O'Quin , K. , Fultz , J. , Vanderplas , M. and Isen , A.M. 1983 . Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 706 – 718 .
  • Baumeister , R.F. 1986 . Identity , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Baumeister , R.F. ( 1993 ). Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Berlin , L.J. and Cassidy , J. 1999 . “ Relations among relationships: Contributions from attachment theory and research ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P.R. 688 – 712 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Blaine , B. and Crocker , J. 1993 . “ Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R.F. 55 – 85 . New York : Plenum .
  • Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment , New York : Basic Books .
  • Bowlby , J. 1973 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger , New York : Basic Books .
  • Brown , J.D. and McGill , K.L. 1989 . The cost of good fortune: When positive life events produce negative health consequences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 1103 – 1110 .
  • Bumby , K.M. 1996 . Assessing the cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists: Development and validation of the MOLEST and RAPE scales . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 37 – 54 .
  • Bumby , K.M. 2000 . “ Empathy inhibition, intimacy deficits, and attachment difficulties in sex offenders ” . In Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook , Edited by: Laws , D.R. , Hudson , S.M. and Ward , T. 143 – 166 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Burggraf , S.A. & Tangney , J.P. ( 1989 , June ). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and self-concept . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Dallas .
  • Burke , P.J. 1980 . The self: Measurement requirements from an interactionist perspective . Social Psychology Quarterly , 43 : 18 – 29 .
  • Campbell , J.D. and Tesser , A. 1985 . “ Self-evaluation maintenance processes in relationships ” . In Understanding personal relationships: An interdisciplinary approach , Edited by: Duck , S. and Perlman , D. Vol. 1 , 107 – 135 . London : Sage .
  • Cassidy , J. & Shaver , P.R. ( 1999 ). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Coopersmith , S. 1967 . The antecedents of self-esteem , San Francisco : W.H. Freeman .
  • Cottrell , L.S. 1942 . The analysis of situational fields in social psychology . American Sociological Review , 7 : 374
  • Cottrell , L.S. and Dymond , E. 1949 . The empathy process . Psychiatry , 12 : 355 – 359 .
  • Davis , M.H. 1983 . Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 113 – 126 .
  • Davis , M.H. and Kraus , L.A. 1997 . “ Personality and empathic accuracy ” . In Empathic accuracy , Edited by: Ickes , W. 144 – 168 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Dean , C. , Mann , R.E. , Milner , R. and Maruna , S. 2007 . “ Changing child abusers cognitions ” . In Aggressive offender’ cognitions: Theory, Research and practice , Edited by: Gannon , T.A. , Ward , T. , Beech , A.R. and Fisher , D. 117 – 134 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Deitz , S.R. , Blackwell , K.T. , Daley , P.C. and Bentley , B.J. 1982 . Measurement of empathy toward rape victims and rapists . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 372 – 384 .
  • Eisenberg , M. and Miller , P.A. 1987 . “ Empathy, sympathy and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links ” . In Empathy and its development , Edited by: Eisenberg , N. and Strayer , J. 292 – 311 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Epstein , S. 1983 . “ The unconscious, the precocious, and the self-concept ” . In Psychological perspectives on the self , Edited by: Suls , J. and Greenwald , A.G. Vol. 2 , 219 – 247 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Farr , C. , Brown , J. and Beckett , R. 2004 . Ability to empathise and masculinity levels: Comparing male adolescent sex offenders with a normative sample of nonoffending adolescents . Psychology, Crime & Law , 10 : 155 – 168 .
  • Fernandez , Y.M. and Marshall , W.L. 2003 . Victim empathy, social self-esteem and psychopathy in rapists . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 15 : 11 – 26 .
  • Fernandez , Y.M. , Marshall , W.L. , Lightbody , S. and O'Sullivan , C. 1999 . The Child Molester Empathy Measure: Description and an examination of its reliability and validity . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 11 : 17 – 31 .
  • Fisher , D. ( 1997 ). Assessing sexual offenders’ victim empathy . Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK .
  • Fisher , D. , Beech , A. and Browne , K. 1999 . Comparison of sex offenders to nonoffenders on selected psychological measures . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 43 : 473 – 491 .
  • Freud , S. 1940 . An outline of psychoanalysis . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 21 : 27 – 84 .
  • Frijda , N.H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Fultz , J. , Schaller , M. and Cialdini , R.B. 1988 . Empathy, sadness and distress: Three related but distinct vicarious affective responses to another's suffering . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 312 – 325 .
  • Gross , C.A. and Hansen , N.E. 2000 . Clarifying the experience of shame: The role of attachment style, gender, and investment in relatedness . Personality and Individual Differences , 28 : 897 – 907 .
  • Harter , S. 1990 . “ Adolescent self and identity development ” . In At the threshold: The developing adolescent , Edited by: Feldman , S.S. and Elliot , G.R. 352 – 387 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Heatherton , T.F. and Ambady , M. 1993 . “ Self-esteem, self-prediction and living up to commitments ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R.F. 131 – 145 . New York : Plenum .
  • Hoffman , M.L. 1987 . “ The contribution of empathy to justice and moral development ” . In Empathy and its development , Edited by: Eisenberg , N. and Strayer , J. 47 – 80 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hoffman , M.L. 2000 . Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hogan , R. 1969 . Development of an empathy scale . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 33 : 307 – 316 .
  • Hoglund , C.L. and Nicholas , K.B. 1995 . Shame, guilt, and anger in college students exposed to abusive family environments . Journal of Family Violence , 10 : 141 – 157 .
  • Howells , K. 1979 . “ Some meanings of children for pedophiles ” . In Love and attraction: An international conference , Edited by: Cook , M. and Wilson , G. 519 – 526 . Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Ickes , W . ( 1997 ) Empathic accuracy . New York : Guilford Press .
  • James , W. 1890 . The principles of psychology , Vol. 1 , New York : Henry Holt .
  • Kernis , M.F. , Grannemann , B.D. and Barclay , L.C. 1989 . Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 1013 – 1023 .
  • Leith , K.P. and Baumeister , R.F. 1998 . Empathy, shame, guilt, and narratives of interpersonal conflicts: Guilt-prone people are better at perspective taking . Journal of Personality , 66 : 1 – 37 .
  • Lewis , H.B. ( 1987 ). The role of shame in symptom formation . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Lewis , M. 1992 . Shame: The exposed self , New York : Free Press .
  • Lewis , M. 1995 . Self-conscious emotions . American Scientist , 83 : 68 – 78 .
  • Macdonald , J. 1998 . “ Disclosing shame ” . In Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture , Edited by: Gilbert , P. and Andrews , B. 141 – 160 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Magai , C. 1999 . “ Affect, imagery, and attachment: Working models of interpersonal affect and the socialization of emotion ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P.R. 787 – 802 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Marangoni , C. , Garcia , S. , Ickes , W. and Teng , G. 1995 . Empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 854 – 869 .
  • Marshall , L.E. , Marshall , W.L. , Serran , G.A. and Fernandez , Y.M. 2006 . Treating sexual offenders: An integrated approach , New York : Routledge .
  • Marshall , W.L. 1993 . The role of attachment, intimacy, and loneliness in the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending . Sexual and Marital Therapy , 8 : 109 – 121 .
  • Marshall , W.L. 1994 . Treatment effects on denial and minimization in incarcerated sex offenders . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 559 – 564 .
  • Marshall , W.L. 1997 . The relationship between self-esteem and deviant sexual arousal in nonfamilial child molesters . Behavior Modification , 21 : 86 – 96 .
  • Marshall , W.L. 2002 . “ Historical foundations & current conceptualizations of empathy ” . In In their shoes: Examining the issue of empathy and its place in the treatment of offenders , Edited by: Fernandez , Y.M. 1 – 15 . Oklahoma City, OK : Wood ‘N’ Barnes Publishing .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Anderson , D. and Champagne , F. 1997 . Self-esteem and its relationship to sexual offending. Psychology . Crime & Law , 3 : 161 – 186 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Anderson , D. and Fernandez , Y.M. 1999 . Cognitive behavioural treatment of sexual offenders , Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Barbaree , H.E. and Fernandez , Y.M. 1995 . Some aspects of social competence in sexual offenders . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 113 – 127 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Champagne , F. , Brown , C. and Miller , S. 1997 . Empathy, intimacy, loneliness, and self-esteem in nonfamilial child molesters . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 6 : 87 – 97 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Champagne , F. , Sturgeon , C. and Bryce , P. 1997 . Increasing the self-esteem of child molesters . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 9 : 321 – 333 .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Christie , M.M. 1982 . The enhancement of social self-esteem . Canadian Counsellor , 16 : 82 – 89 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Christie , M.M. , Lanthier , R.D. and Cruchley , J. 1982 . The nature of the reinforcer in the enhancement of self-esteem . Canadian Counsellor , 16 : 90 – 96 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Cripps , E. , Anderson , D. and Cortoni , F.A. 1999 . Self-esteem and coping strategies in child molesters . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 14 : 955 – 962 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Fernandez , Y.M. , Serran , G.A. , Mulloy , R. , Thornton , D. , Mann , R.E. and Anderson , D. 2003 . Process variables in the treatment of sexual offenders: A review of the relevant literature . Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal , 8 : 205 – 234 .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Hambley , L.S. 1996 . Intimacy and loneliness, and their relationship to rape myth acceptance and hostility toward women among rapists . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 11 : 586 – 592 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Hamilton , K. and Fernandez , M. 2001 . Empathy deficits and cognitive distortions in child molesters . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 13 : 123 – 131 .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Hucker , S.J. 2006 . “ Sexual sadism: Its features and treatment ” . In Sex and sexuality: Vol. 3. Sexual deviation and sexual offenses , Edited by: McNulty , R.D. 227 – 250 . Westport, CT : Greenwood Publishing .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Hudson , S.M. , Jones , R. and Fernandez , Y.M. 1995 . Empathy in sex offenders . Clinical Psychology Review , 15 : 99 – 113 .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Marshall , L.E. 2000 . The origins of sexual offending. Trauma, Violence . Abuse: A Review Journal , 1 : 250 – 263 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Marshall , L.E. , & Serran ( 2007 ). A large scale evaluation of the long-term effects of the Rockwood Sexual Offenders; Treatment Program . Paper in preparation .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Marshall , L.E. , & Serran , G.A . ( in press ). Empathy and offending behavior . In M. McMurran & R. Howard Personality, personality disorder and risk of violence: An evidence-based approach . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Marshall , L.E. , Serran , G.A. , & O'Brien , M.D . ( in press ). Sexual offender treatment: A positive approach . Psychiatric Clinics of North America .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Mazzucco , A. 1995 . Self-esteem and parental attachments in child molesters . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 279 – 285 .
  • Marshall , W.L. and Moulden , H.M. 2001 . Hostility toward women and victim empathy in rapists . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 13 : 249 – 255 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , O'Sullivan , C. and Fernandez , Y.M. 1996 . The enhancement of victim empathy among incarcerated child molesters . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 1 : 95 – 102 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Serran , G.A. , Moulden , H.M. , Mulloy , R. , Fernandez , Y.M. , Mann , R.E. and Thornton , D. 2002 . Therapist features in sexual offender treatment: Their reliable identification and influence on behaviour change . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 9 : 395 – 405 .
  • Marshall , W.L. , Ward , T. , Mann , R.E. , Moulden , H. , Fernandez , Y.M. , Serran , G.A. and Marshall , L.E. 2005 . Working positively with sexual offenders: Maximizing the effectiveness of treatment . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 20 : 1 – 19 .
  • Maruna , S. and Mann , R.E. 2006 . A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 11 : 155 – 177 .
  • Maslow , A.H. 1954 . Motivation and personality , New York : Harper & Row .
  • McCandless , B.R. 1970 . Adolescents, behavior, and development , Hinsdals, IL : Dryden Press .
  • Mehrabian , A. and Epstein , N. 1972 . A measure of emotional empathy . Journal of Personality , 40 : 525 – 543 .
  • Miller , W.R. & Rollnick , S. ( 2002 ). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior ( 2nd edn ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Mischel , W. 1968 . Personality and assessment , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Moore , B.S. 1990 . The origins and development of empathy . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 75 – 90 .
  • O'Malley , P.M. and Bachman , J.G. 1983 . Self-esteem: Change and stability between ages 13 and 23 . Developmental Psychology , 19 : 257 – 268 .
  • Pelham , B.W. 1993 . “ On the highly positive thought of the highly depressed ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R.F. 183 – 199 . New York : Plenum .
  • Rich , P. 2006 . Attachment and sexual offending: Understanding and applying attachment theory to the treatment of juvenile sexual offenders , Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Roberts , J.E. and Monroe , S.M. 1994 . A multidimensional model for self-esteem in depression . Clinical Psychology Review , 14 : 161 – 181 .
  • Rogers , C.R. 1959 . “ Toward a theory of creativity ” . In Creativity and its cultivation , Edited by: Anderson , H.H. New York : Harper & Row .
  • Rogers , C.R. 1961 . On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Roseman , I.J. , Wiest , C. and Swartz , T.S. 1994 . Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 206 – 221 .
  • Shaver , P. and Hazan , C. 1989 . “ Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory ” . In Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications , Edited by: Hojat , M. and Crandall , R. 105 – 124 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Sparks , J. Bailey , W. Marshall , W.L. & Marshall , L.E. ( 2003 , October ). Shame and guilt in sex offenders . Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, St. Louis, MO .
  • Spencer , S.J. , Josephs , R.A. and Steele , C.M. 1993 . “ Low self-esteem: The uphill struggle for self-integrity ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R.F. 21 – 36 . New York : Plenum .
  • Stiles , W.B. 1987 . “ I have to talk to somebody: A fever model of disclosure ” . In Self-disclosure: Theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Derlaga , V.J. and Berg , J.H. 257 – 282 . New York : Plenum .
  • Strayer , J. 1993 . Children's concordant emotions and cognitions in response to observed emotions . Child Development , 64 : 188 – 201 .
  • Tangney , J.P. 1990 . Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: Development of the self-conscious affect and attribution inventory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 102 – 111 .
  • Tangney , J.P. 1991 . Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 598 – 607 .
  • Tangney , J.P. 1995 . “ Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships ” . In Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame and guilt, embarrassment, and pride , Edited by: Tangney , J.P. and Fischer , K.W. 114 – 139 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Tangney , J.P. and Dearing , R.L. 2002 . Shame and guilt , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Tangney , J.P. , Miller , R.S. , Flicker , L. and Barlow , D.H. 1996 . Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 1256 – 1269 .
  • Tangney , J.P. , Wagner , P.E. , Fletcher , C. and Gramzow , R. 1992 . Shamed into anger?: The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 669 – 675 .
  • Tangney , J.P. , Wagner , P.E. and Gramzow , R. 1992 . Proneness of shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 469 – 478 .
  • Tardif , M. , Dassylva , B. and Nicole , A. 2007 . “ Psychotherapeutic and psychodynamic issues with sexual murderers ” . In Sexual murderers: A comparative analysis and new perspectives , Edited by: Proulx , J. , Beauregard , E. , Cusson , M. and Nicole , A. 213 – 228 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Tice , D.M. 1991 . Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 711 – 725 .
  • Tice , D.M. and Baumeister , R.F. 1990 . Self-esteem, self-handicapping, and self-presentation: The strategy of inadequate practice . Journal of Personality , 58 : 443 – 464 .
  • Vallerand , R.J. , Pelletier , L.G. and Gagné , F. 1991 . On the multidimensional versus unidimensional perspectives of self-esteem: A test using the group-comparison approach . Social Behavior and Personality , 19 : 121 – 132 .
  • Ward , T. and Marshall , W.L. 2004 . Good lives, aetiology and the rehabilitation of sex offenders: A bridging theory . Journal of Sexual Aggression , 10 : 153 – 169 .
  • Webster , S.D. and Beech , A. 2000 . The nature of sexual offenders’ affective empathy: A grounded theory analysis . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 249 – 261 .
  • Wells , L.E. and Marwell , G. 1976 . Self-esteem , Beverley Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Whittaker , M.K. , Brown , J. , Beckett , R. and Gerhold , C. 2006 . Sexual knowledge and empathy: A comparison of adolescent child molesters and non-offending adolescents . Journal of Sexual Aggression , 12 : 143 – 154 .
  • Williams , C.A. 1990 . Biopsychosocial elements of empathy: A multidimensional model . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 11 : 155 – 174 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.