A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime

References

• Akers , R.L. , La Greca , A.J. , Sellers , C. and Cochran , J. 1987 . Fear of crime and victimization among the elderly in different types of communities . Criminology , 25 : 487 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister , J. 1993 . “ Locating fear: Environmental and ontological security ” . In Crime and the urban environment , Edited by: Jones , H. 69 – 84 . Aldershot, , UK : Avebury .
   Google Scholar
• Baumer , T. 1978 . Research on the fear of crime in the United States . Victimology , 3 : 254 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumer , T.L. 1985 . Testing a general model of fear of crime: Data from a national sample . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 22 : 239 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biderman , A.D. , Johnson , L.A. , McIntyre , J. , & Weir , A.W. 1967 . Report on a pilot study in the District of Columbia on victimization and attitudes toward law enforcement . Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Field Surveys I . Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Bilsky , W. and Wetzels , P. 1997 . On the relationship between criminal victimisation and fear of crime . Psychology, Crime & Law , 3 : 309 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box , S. , Hale , C. and Andrews , G. 1988 . Explaining fear of crime . British Journal of Criminology , 28 : 340 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , I. and Lewis , D.A. 2003 . Beyond community: Reactions to crime and disorder among inner-city residents . Criminology , 41 : 779 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates , J.A. , Dian , D.A. and Schnepf , G.W. 2003 . Use of protection motivation theory to assess fear of crime in rural areas . Psychology Crime & Law , 9 : 225 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadee , D. and Ditton , J. 2003 . Are older people most afraid of crime? Revisiting Ferraro and LaGrange in Trinidad . British Journal of Criminology , 43 : 417 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandola , T. 2001 . The fear of crime and area differences in health . Health & Place , 7 : 105 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkers , A. and Winkel , F.W. 1998a . “ The social and personal influence of positive beliefs on coping with direct and indirect victimization ” . In Psychology and criminal justice: International review of theory and practice , Edited by: Boros , J. , Munnich , I. and Szegedi , M. 354 – 366 . Berlin : De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Denkers , A. and Winkel , F.W. 1998b . Crime victims’ well-being and fear in a prospective longitudinal study . International Review of Victimology , 5 : 141 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillman , D. 1999 . Mail and internet surveys: The total design method , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ditton , J. , Chadee , D. , Farrall , S. , Gilchrist , E. and Bannister , J. 2004 . From imitation to intimidation A note on the curious and changing relationship between the media, crime and fear of crime . British Journal of Criminology , 44 : 595 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrall , S. and Gadd , D. 2004 . The frequency of the fear of crime . British Journal of Criminology , 44 : 127 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrall , S. , Jackson , J. , & Gray , E. 2007 . Theorising the fear of crime: The cultural and social significance of feelings of insecurity. Published on the Social Science Research Network: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1012393
   Google Scholar
• Farrall , S. , Bannister , J. , Ditton , J. and Gilchrist , E. 1997 . Questioning the measurement of the fear of crime: Findings from a major methodological study . British Journal of Criminology , 37 : 657 – 678 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrall , S. , Bannister , J. , Ditton , J. and Gilchrist , E. 2000 . Social psychology and the fear of crime: Re-examining a speculative model . British Journal of Criminology , 40 : 399 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro , K.F. and LaGrange , R.L. 1992 . Are older people most afraid of crime? Reconsidering age differences in fear of victimization . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 47 : 233 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro , K.F. 1995 . Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk , New York : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro , K.F. 1996 . Women's fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault . Social Forces , 75 : 667 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furedi , F. 2006 . The politics of fear: Beyond left and right , London : Continuum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , U. and Greve , W. 2003 . The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives . British Journal of Criminology , 43 : 600 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo , J. 1981 . The fear of crime: Causes and consequences . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 72 : 839 – 857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girling , E. , Loader , I. and Sparks , R. 2000 . Crime and social control in Middle England: Questions of order in an English town , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , M.T. and Riger , S. 1989 . The female fear , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , E. , Jackson , J. and Farrall , S. 2008a . Reassessing the fear of crime . European Journal of Criminology , 5 : 309 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , E. , Jackson , J. and Farrall , S. 2008b . “ Researching everyday emotions: Towards a multi-disciplinary investigation of the fear of crime ” . In Fear of crime – Punitivity. New Developments in Theory and Research , Edited by: Kury , H. 3 – 24 . Bochum : Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer .
   Google Scholar
• Greve , W. 2004 . “ Fear of crime among older and younger adults: Paradoxes and other misconceptions ” . In Images of crime II , Edited by: Albrecht , H.J. , Serassis , T. and Kania , H. 167 – 186 . Freiburg : Max-Planck-Institut für Internationales und vergleichendes Strafrecht .
   Google Scholar
• Greve , W. 1998 . Fear of crime among the elderly: Foresight not fright . International Review Of Victimology , 5 : 277 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Hale , C. 1996 . Fear of crime: A review of the literature . International Review of Victimology , 4 : 79 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanmer , J. and Saunders , S. 1984 . Well founded fear , London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Hollander , J.A. 2001 . Vulnerability and dangerousness: The construction of gender through conversation about violence . Gender and Society , 15 : 83 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollway , W. and Jefferson , T. 1997 . The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating the fear of crime . British Journal of Sociology , 48 : 255 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope , T. & Sparks , R. 2000 . “Introduction”, in Crime, Risk and Insecurity: ‘Law and Order’ in Everyday Life and Political Discourse , T. Hope & R. Sparks . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , M. , & Mayhew , P. 1983 . The British Crime Survey: First report . Home Office Research Study no. 76 . London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , M. 1995 . Anxiety about crime: Findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey . Home Office Research Study no. 147 . London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Houts , S. and Kassab , C. 1997 . Rotter's social learning theory and fear of crime: Differences by race and ethnicity . Social Science Quarterly , 78 : 122 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes , M. 2004 . Signal crimes and signal disorders . British Journal of Sociology , 55 : 335 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. and Sunshine , J. 2007 . Public confidence in policing: A neo-Durkheimian perspective . British Journal of Criminology , 47 : 214 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. , Farrall , S. , & Gray , E. 2007 . Experience and expression in the fear of crime. Published on the Social Science Research Network: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id = 1012397
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 2004 . Experience and expression: Social and cultural significance in the fear of crime . British Journal of Criminology , 44 : 946 – 966 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 2005 . Validating new measures of the fear of crime . International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 8 : 297 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 2006 . Introducing fear of crime to risk research . Risk Analysis , 26 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 2008 . “ Bridging the social and the psychological in fear of crime research ” . In Fear of crime: Critical voices in an age of anxiety , Edited by: Lee , M. and Farrall , S. 143 – 167 . London : Glasshouse .
   Google Scholar
• Killias , M. and Clerici , C. 2000 . Different measures of vulnerability in their relations to different dimensions of fear of crime . British Journal of Criminology , 40 : 437 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killias , M. 1990 . Vulnerability: Towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime . Violence and Victims , 5 : 97 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruger , D.J. , Reischl , T.M. and Gee , G.C. 2007 . Neighborhood social conditions mediate the association between physical deterioration and mental health . American Journal of Community Psychology , 40 : 261 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGrange , R.L. and Ferraro , K.F. 1987 . The elderly's fear of crime: A critical examination of the research . Research on Aging , 9 : 372 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGrange , R.L. and Ferraro , K.F. 1989 . Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime . Criminology , 27 : 697 – 719 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , E.J. 1975 . The illusion of control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 311 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. 1966 . Psychological stress and the coping process , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal and coping , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. & Farrall , S. 2008 . Fear of crime: Critical voices in an age of anxiety . London : Glasshouse .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. 2007 . Inventing fear of crime: Criminology and the politics of anxiety , Cullompton, , UK : Willan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. 1999 . The fear of crime and self-governance: Towards a genealogy . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology , 32 : 227 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. 2001 . The genesis of ‘fear of crime’ . Theoretical Criminology , 5 : 467 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. 2008 . Impact of situational factors on survey measured fear of crime . International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 11 : 307 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasar , J.L. and Fisher , B. 1993 . Hot spots of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 13 : 187 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasar , J.L. and Jones , K.M. 1997 . Landscapes of fear and stress . Environment and Behavior , 29 : 291 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas , S. , Kershaw , C. , & Walker , A. 2007 . Crime in England and Wales 2006/07. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11/07. London : Home Office . http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb1107.pdf
   Google Scholar
• O'Muircheartaigh , C.A. , Gaskell , G.D. and Wright , D.B. 1993 . Intensifiers in behavioral frequency questions . Public Opinion Quarterly , 57 : 552 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. and Taylor , R. 1996 . Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications . American Journal of Community Psychology , 24 : 63 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , D.D. , Wandersman , A. , Rich , R. and Taylor , R.B. 1993 . The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality, and incivilities . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 13 : 29 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff , L.S. 1983 . Perceptions of vulnerability to victimization . Journal of Social Issues , 39 : 41 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff , L.S. and Fetzer , B.K. 1986 . Self–other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 502 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riger , S. and Gordon , M.T. 1981 . The fear of rape: A study in social control . Journal of Social Issues , 37 : 71 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M.D. and Clore , G.L. 2002a . Belief and feeling . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 934 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M.D. and Clore , G.L. 2002b . Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 198 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco , V.F. and Glackman , W. 1987 . Vulnerability, locus of control and worry about crime . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 6 : 99 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , J. 2007 . Governing through crime , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. and Maxfield , M. 1981 . Coping with crime , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. 1981 . Issues in the measurement of victimisation. US Department of Justice , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. 1986 . Fear of crime and neighborhood change . Crime and Justice , 8 : 203 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , W.R. and Torstensson , M. 1997 . Gender differences in risk perception and neutralizing fear of crime: Toward resolving the paradoxes , 37 : 607 – 633 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , J.R. 1992 . “ Reason and unreason in Left Realism: Some problems in the constitution of the fear of crime ” . In Issues in realist criminology , Edited by: Matthews , R. and Young , J. 119 – 135 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stafford , M. , Chandola , T. and Marmot , M. 2007 . Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning . American Journal of Public Health , 97 : 2076 – 2081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanko , E.A. 1995 . Women, crime and fear . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 539 : 46 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanko , E.A. 1985 . Intimate intrusions: Women's experience of male violence , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Stanko , E.A. 1997 . Safety talk: Conceptualising women's risk assessment as a ‘technology of the soul’ . Theoretical Criminology , 1 : 479 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. and Farrall , S. 2005 . Gender, socially desirable responding, and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime? . British Journal of Criminology , 45 : 212 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. and Farrall , S. 2008 . “ Untangling the web: Deceptive responding in fear of crime research ” . In Fear of crime: Critical voices in an age of anxiety , Edited by: Lee , M. and Farrall , S. 108 – 124 . London : Glasshouse .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. , Robinson , B. , & Farrall , S. 2008 . How men and women ‘fake good’ on fear of crime surveys: An experimental investigation . Working paper .
   Google Scholar
• Tallis , F. and Eysenck , M.W. 1994 . Worry: Mechanisms and modulating influences . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 22 : 37 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , I. 1995 . Private homes and public others: An analysis of talk about crime in suburban South Manchester in the mid-1990s . British Journal of Criminology , 35 : 263 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , I. 1996 . Fear of crime, urban fortunes and suburban social movements: Some reflections from Manchester . Sociology , 30 : 317 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Tulloch , M. 2003 . Combining classificatory and discursive methods: Consistency and variability in responses to the threat of crime . British Journal of Social Psychology , 42 : 461 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , T.R. and Cook , F.L. 1984 . The mass media and judgements of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 693 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wurff , A. , Van Staalduinen , L. and Stringer , P. 1989 . Fear of crime in residential environments: Testing a social psychological model . Journal of Social Psychology , 129 : 141 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderveen , G. 2007 . Interpreting fear, crime, risk and unsafety , Cullompton, , UK : Willan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Vrij , A. and Winkel , F.W. 1991 . Characteristics of the built environment and fear of crime: A research note on interventions in unsafe locations . Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 12 : 203 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walklate , S. and Mythen , G. 2008 . How scared are we? . British Journal of Criminology , 48 : 209 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walklate , S. 1998 . Crime and community: Fear or trust? . British Journal of Sociology , 49 : 550 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1984 . Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid? . Social Science Quarterly , 65 : 681 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1985 . Fear of rape among urban women . Social Problems , 32 : 238 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1987 . Fear of victimisation and sensitivity to risk . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 3 : 29 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1990 . Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization . Social Forces , 68 : 891 – 907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1994 . “ Public perceptions and reactions to violent offending and victimization ” . In Consequences and control, Volume 4 of Understanding and preventing violence , Edited by: Reiss , A.J. and Roth , J.A. 1 – 66 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 2000 . Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy . Criminal Justice , 4 : 451 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N.D. 1980 . Unrealistic optimism about future life events . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 15 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitley , R. and Prince , M. 2005 . Fear of crime, mobility and mental health in inner-city London . Social Science and Medicine , 61 : 1678 – 1688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills , T.A. 1981 . Downward comparison principles in social psychology . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 245 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström , P.O. , & Sampson , R.J. 2006 . The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms, and Development . New York and Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Winkel , F.W. , Blaauw , E. , Sheridan , L. and Baldry , A.C. 2003 . Repeat criminal victimization and vulnerability for coping failure: A prospective examination of a potential risk factor . Psychology, Crime & Law , 9 : 87 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel , F.W. 1989 . Responses to Criminal Victimization: Evaluating the impact of a police assistance program and some social-psychological correlates . Police Studies , 12 ( 2 ) : 59 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Winkel , F.W. 1998 . Fear of crime and criminal victimisation: Testing a theory of psychological incapacitation of the ‘stressor’ based on downward comparison processes . British Journal of Criminology , 38 : 473 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel , F.W. 1999 . “ Repeat victimization and trauma-susceptibility: Prospective and longitudinal analyses ” . In Caring for crime victims , Edited by: Van Dijk , J.M. , Van Kaam , R.G.H. and Wemmers , J.A. 207 – 221 . New York : Criminal Justice Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wyant , B.R. 2008 . Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime isolating endogenous impacts . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 45 : 39 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zedner , L. 2003 . Too much security? . International Journal of the Sociology of Law , 31 : 155 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler , R. and Mitchell , D. B. 2003 . Ageing and the fear of crime: An experimental approach to an apparent paradox experience . Aging Research , 29 : 173 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar