Prediction of institutional aggression among personality disordered forensic patients using actuarial and structured clinical risk assessment tools: prospective evaluation of the HCR-20, VRS, Static-99, and Risk Matrix 2000

References

• Andrews , D.A. and Bonta , J. 2006 . The psychology of criminal conduct , 4th edn , Newark, NJ : LexisNexis .
   Google Scholar
• Banks , S. , Robbins , P.C. , Silver , E. , Vesselinov , R. , Steadman , H.J. Monahan , J. 2004 . A multiple-models approach to violence risk assessment among people with mental disorder . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 31 : 324 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , J.V. and Murphy , W.D. 1998 . What we know and do not know about assessing and treating sex offenders . Psychology, Public Policy and Law , 4 : 116 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfrage , H. and Douglas , K.S. 2002 . Treatment effects on forensic psychiatric patients measured with the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme . International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , 1 : 25 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Belfrage , H. , Fransson , G. and Strand , S. 2000 . Prediction of violence using the HCR-20: A prospective study in two maximum-security correctional institutions . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 11 : 167 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfrage , H. , Fransson , G. and Strand , S. 2004 . Management of violent behaviour in the correctional system using qualified risk assessments . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 9 : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtson , S. 2008 . Is newer better? A cross-validation of the Static-2002 and the Risk Matrix 2000 in a Danish sample of sexual offenders . Psychology, Crime & Law , 14 : 85 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonta , J. 1996 . “ Risk–needs assessment and treatment ” . In Choosing correctional options that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply , Edited by: Harland , A.T. 18 – 32 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bonta , J. , Andrews , D.A. 2007 . Risk–need–responsivity model for offender assessment and rehabilitation . ( User Report 2007–06 ). Ottawa : Public Safety Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Coid , J. , Yang , M. , Ullrich , S. , Tianqiang , Z. , Roberts , A. et al. 2007 . Predicting and understanding risk of re-offending: The Prisoner Cohort Study . Ministry of Justice Research Summary 6 . London : Ministry of Justice, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , D.J. , Michie , C. , Hart , S.D. and Clark , D. 2005 . Assessing psychopathy in the UK: Concerns about cross-cultural generalisability . British Journal of Psychiatry , 186 : 335 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , D.J. , Michie , C. and Skeem , J. 2007 . Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 ( suppl. 49 ) : s39 – s50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , L.A. , Beech , A. and Browne , K.D. 2006 . Cross-validation of the Risk Matrix 2000 Sexual and Violent Scales . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 : 612 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daffern , M. 2007 . The predictive validity and practical utility of structured schemes used to assess risk for aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 12 : 116 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daffern , M. , Ferguson , M. , Ogloff , J. , Thomson , L. and Howells , K. 2007 . Appropriate treatment targets or products of a demanding environment? The relationship between aggression in a forensic psychiatric hospital with aggressive behaviour preceding admission and violent recidivism . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 431 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daffern , M. , Howells , K. and Ogloff , J.R.P . 2006 . What's the point? Towards a methodology for assessing the function of psychiatric inpatient aggression . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 : 101 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dernevik , M. , Grann , M. and Johansson , S. 2002 . Violent behaviour in forensic psychiatric patients: Risk assessment and different risk-management levels using the HCR-20 . Psychology, Crime & Law , 8 : 93 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vogel , V. and de Ruiter , C. 2005 . The HCR-20 in personality disordered female offenders: A comparison with a matched sample of males . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 12 : 226 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , M. and Fullam , R. 2007 . The validity of the Violence Risk Scale second edition (VRS-2) in a British forensic inpatient sample . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , 18 : 381 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , K.S. , Guy , L.S. , Weir , J. 2006 . HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Overview and annotated bibliography . Retrieved 27 November 2007, from http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/hart/Guides.htm
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , K.S. , Ogloff , J.R.P. and Hart , S.D. 2003 . Evaluation of a model of violence risk assessment among forensic psychiatric patients . Psychiatric Services , 54 : 1372 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , K.S. and Skeem , J.L. 2005 . Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 11 : 347 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , K.S. and Webster , C.D. 1999 . The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Concurrent validity in a sample of incarcerated offenders . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 26 : 3 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSPD Programme, Department of Health, Home Office, and HM Prison Service 2005 . Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) high secure services for men: planning and delivery guide . Retrieved 27 October 2007, from : http://www.dspdprogramme.gov.uk/media/pdfs/High_Secure_Services_for_Men.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duggan , C. 2007 . To move or not to move – that is the question! Some reflections on the transfer of DSPD patients in the face of uncertainty . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 113 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M.B. , Spitzer , R.L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J.B.W. 1996 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV) , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , J.J. and Gable , R.A. 2004 . “ Functional behavioral assessment ” . In Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders , Edited by: Rutherford , R.B. , Quinn , M.M. and Mathur , S.R. 143 – 162 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• French , S.A. and Gendreau , P. 2006 . Reducing prison misconducts: What works! . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 33 : 185 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , J. and Cowan , J. 1999 . Risk assessment in a multi-disciplinary forensic setting: Clinical judgement revisited . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 10 : 276 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , N.S. , Hill , C. , McGleish , A. , Timmons , D. , MacCulloch , M.J. and Snowden , R.J. 2003 . Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 : 443 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grevatt , M. , Thomas-Peter , B. and Hughes , G. 2004 . Violence, mental disorder and risk assessment: Can structured clinical assessments predict the short-term risk of inpatient . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , 15 : 278 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J.A. and McNeil , B.J. 1982 . The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve . Radiology , 143 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R.K. 1998 . What do we know about sex offender risk assessment? . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 4 : 50 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R.K. , Morton-Bourgon , K.E. 2007 . The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis . (User Report 2007-01) . Ottawa : Public Safety Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , R.K. , Thornton , D. 1999 . Static 99: Improving actuarial risk assessments for sex offenders . (User report 1999-02) . Ottawa : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , R.K. and Thornton , D. 2000 . Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: A comparison of three actuarial scales . Law and Human Behavior , 24 : 119 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare , R.D. 1996 . Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 23 : 25 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare , R.D. 2003 . Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R): 2nd Edition. Technical manual , Toronto, ON : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , A. , Phenix , A. , Hanson , R.K. , Thornton , D. 2003 . STATIC-99 Coding Rules Revised – 2003 . Retrieved 13 December 2003, from http://ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/publications/corrections/pdf/Static-99-coding-Rules_e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Harris , G.T. , Rice , M.E. 2003 . Actuarial assessment of risk among sex offenders . In: R.A. Prentky , E.S. Janus , & M.C. Seto Sexually coercive behavior: Understanding and management (pp. 198 210 ). New York : Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 989) .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , G.T. , Rice , M.E. , Quinsey , V.L. 2007 . Abandoning evidence-based risk appraisal in forensic practice: Comments on Hart et al. The British Journal of Psychiatry, electronic letter published 15 August 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2007, from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/eletters/190/49/s60 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , G.T. , Rice , M.E. , Quinsey , V.L. , Lalumière , M.L. , Boer , D. and Lang , C. 2003 . A multisite comparison of actuarial risk instruments for sex offenders . Psychological Assessment , 15 : 413 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , S.D. , Cox , D. and Hare , R.D. 1995 . The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) , Toronto, ON : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Heilbrun , K. 1997 . Prediction versus management models relevant to risk assessment: The importance of legal decision-making context . Law and Human Behavior , 21 : 347 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogue , T.E. , Jones , L. , Talkes , K. and Tennant , A. 2007 . The Peaks: A clinical service for those with dangerous and severe personality disorder . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 57 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells , K. , Langton , C. and Hogue , T. 2007 . Introductory comments to the special issue, High risk offenders with personality disorders: Conceptual and scientific bases . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 3 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langton , C.M. 2003 . Contrasting approaches to risk assessment with adult male sexual offenders: An evaluation of recidivism prediction schemes and the utility of supplementary clinical information for enhancing predictive accuracy . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Langton , C.M. 2007 . Assessment implications of ‘What Works’ research for Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) service evaluation . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 97 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langton , C.M. , Barbaree , H.E. , Seto , M.C. , Peacock , E.J. , Harkins , L. and Hansen , K.T. 2007 . Actuarial assessment of risk for reoffense among adult sex offenders: Evaluating the predictive accuracy of the Static-2002 and five other instruments . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 34 : 37 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langton , C.M. , Hogue , T.E. , Daffern , M. , Mannion , A. , Howells , K. 2008 . Personality traits as predictors of inpatient aggression in a high secure forensic psychiatric setting: Prospective evaluation of the PCL-R and IPDE dimension ratings . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Leistico , A-M.R. , Salekin , R.T. , DeCoster , J. and Rogers , R. 2008 . A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct . Law and Human Behavior , 32 : 28 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looman , J. 2006 . Comparison of two risk assessment instruments for sexual offenders . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 18 : 193 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loranger , A.W. , Sartorius , N. , Andreoli , A. , Berger , P. , Buchheim , P. Channabasavanna , S.M. 1994 . The International Personality Disorder Examination: The World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration International pilot study of personality disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 215 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macpherson , G.J.D. and Kevan , I.-M. 2004 . Predictive validity of the HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme within a maximum security special hospital . Issues in Forensic Psychology , 5 : 62 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Maden , A. 2007 . Dangerous and severe personality disorder: Antecedents and origins . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 ( suppl. 49 ) : s8 – s11 .
   Google Scholar
• McGrath , R.E. and Meyer , G.J. 2006 . When effect sizes disagree: The case of r and d . Psychological Methods , 11 : 386 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , D.E. and Binder , R.L. 1991 . Clinical assessment of the risk of violence among psychiatric inpatients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 1317 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan , J. , Steadman , H.J. , Robbins , P.C. , Appelbaum , P.S. , Banks , S. Grisso , T. 2005 . An actuarial model of violence risk assessment for persons with mental disorders . Psychiatric Services , 56 : 810 – 815 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan , J. , Steadman , H.J. , Silver , E. , Appelbaum , P.S. , Robbins , P.C. Mulvey , E.P. 2001 . Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mossman , D. 1994 . Assessing predictions of violence: Being accurate about accuracy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 783 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , P.E. 2007 . Dangerous and severe personality disorder and in need of treatment . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 ( suppl. 49 ) : s3 – s7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall , J.E. and Gorham , D.R. 1962 . The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Psychological Reports , 10 : 799 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinsey , V.L. , Jones , G.B. , Book , A.S. and Barr , K.N. 2006 . The dynamic prediction of antisocial behavior among forensic psychiatric patients: A prospective field study . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 : 1539 – 1565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynor , P. 2007 . Risk and need assessment in British probation: the contribution of LSI-R . Psychology, Crime & Law , 13 : 125 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , M.E. and Harris , G.T. 2005 . Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studies: ROC Area, Cohen's d, and r . Law and Human Behavior , 29 : 615 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets , J.A. , Dawes , R.M. and Monahan , J. 2000 . Psychological science can improve diagnostic decisions . Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society , 1 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thornton , D. 2005 . Scoring Guide for Risk Matrix 2000.5 . Unpublished manuscript .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , D. , Mann , R. , Webster , S. , Blud , L. , Travers , R. Friendship , C. 2003 . Distinguishing and combining risks for sexual and violent recidivism . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 989 : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer , P. 2007 . An agitation of contrary opinions . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 ( suppl. 49 ) : s1 – s2 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C.D. , Douglas , K.S. , Eaves , D. and Hart , S.D. 1997 . HCR-20: Assessing risk of violence (Version 2) , Vancouver, , Canada : Mental Health Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , S. and Gordon , A. 2000 . Violence Risk Scale , Saskatchewan, , Canada : Authors .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , S.C.P. and Gordon , A. 2006 . The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale: A treatment friendly violence risk assessment tool . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 12 : 279 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , S.C.P. , Gordon , A. and Gu , D. 2007 . Assessment and treatment of violence- prone forensic clients: an integrated approach . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 ( suppl. 49 ) : s66 – s74 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , S.C.P. , Veen , S.V. , Leis , T.A. , Parrish , H. , Gu , D. Liber , E.U. 2005 . Reintegrating seriously violent and personality disordered offenders from a supermaximum security institution into the general offender population . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 49 : 362 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yudofsky , S.C. , Silver , J.M. , Jackson , W. , Endicott , J. and Williams , D. 1986 . The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 35 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar