Simulations of child sexual abuse interviews using avatars paired with feedback improves interview quality

References

• Aidridge, J., & Cameron, S. (1999). Interviewing child witnesses: Questioning strategies and the effectiveness of training. Applied Developmental Science, 3(2), 136–147. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0302_7
   Google Scholar
• Battin, D. B., Ceci, S. J., & Lust, B. C. (2012). Do children really mean what they say? The forensic implications of preschoolers' linguistic referencing. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33, 167–174. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, J., & Chadwick, D. (1993). Medical diagnosis of the sexually abused child. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(1), 91–110. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90011-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, M. S., Poole, D. A., Warren, A. R., & Jones, H. R. (1999). Young children's responses to yes-no questions: Patterns and problems. Applied Developmental Science, 3(1), 47–57. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0301_6
   Google Scholar
• Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1999). The suggestibility of children's memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 419–439. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403–439. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the courtroom: A scientific analysis of children's testimony. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ceci, S. J., & Friedman, R. D. (2000). Suggestibility of children: Scientific research and legal implications. Cornell Law Review, 86, 33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceci, S. J., Kulkofsky, S., Klemfuss, J. Z., Sweeney, C. D., & Bruck, M. (2007). Unwarranted assumptions about children's testimonial accuracy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 311–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederborg, A.-C., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Investigative interviews of child witnesses in Sweden. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1355–1361. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00183-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, Y., & Ceci, S. J. (2005). Individual differences in children's recall and suggestibility: The effect of intelligence, temperament, and self-perceptions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 383–407. doi:10.1002/acp.1094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulborn-Faller, K., & Corwin, D. L. (1995) Children's interview statements and behaviors: Role in identifying sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19 (1), 71–82. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)00104-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronch, L. E., Viljoen, J. L., & Hansen, D. J. (2006). Forensic interviewing in child sexual abuse cases: Current techniques and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 195–207. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G. M., Westcott, H. L., & Horan, N. (2000). The impact of questioning style on the content of investigative interviews with suspected child sexual abuse victims. Psychology, Crime & Law, 6(2), 81–97. doi:10.1080/10683160008410834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawes, R. (1989). Experience and validity of clinical judgment: The illusory correlation. Behavioral Science and the Law, 7, 457–467. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370070404
   Google Scholar
• Dawes, R. (1994). House of cards: Psychology and psychotherapy built on myth. New York, NY: The Free Press/Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Eisen, M. L., Qin, J., Goodman, G. S., & Davis, S. L. (2002). Memory and suggestibility in maltreated children: Age, stress arousal, dissociation, and psychopathology. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83, 167–212. doi:10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00126-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltis, B. B., Powell, M. B., Snow, P. C., & Hughes-Scholes, C. H. (2010). An examination of the association between interviewer question type and story-grammar detail in child witness interviews about abuse. Child abuse & neglect, 34, 407–413. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnilä, K., Mahlberg, N., Santtila, P., Sandnabba, K., & Niemi, P. (2003). Validity of a test of children's suggestibility for predicting responses to two interview situations differing in their degree of suggestiveness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85(1), 32–49. doi:10.1016/S0022-0965(03)00025-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnilä-Tuohimaa, K., Santtila, P., Björnberg, L., Hakala, N., Niemi, P., & Sandnabba, K. (2008). Attitudes related to child sexual abuse: Scale construction and explorative study among psychologists. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 311–323. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00635.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, K. A., & Morris, T. L. (1999). Investigative interviewing with children: Evaluation of the effectiveness of a training program for child protective service workers. Child abuse & neglect, 23, 701–713. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00042-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambrill, E. (2006). Critical thinking in clinical practice: Improving the quality of judgments and decisions (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Greenstock, J., & Pipe, M.-E. (1996). Interviewing children about past events: The influence of peer support and misleading questions. Child abuse & neglect, 20(1), 69–80. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00117-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, S. (2005). Improving decision making in forensic child sexual abuse evaluations. Law and Human Behavior, 29(1), 87–120. doi:10.1007/s10979-005-1400-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershkowitz, I. (2001). Children's responses to open-ended utterances in investigative interviews. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 6(1), 49–63. doi:10.1348/135532501168190
   Google Scholar
• Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Sternberg, K. J. (2004). Interviewing youthful suspects in alleged sex crimes: A descriptive analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 423–438. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, M. L. (2000). The fate of early memories: Developmental science and the retention of childhood experiences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hünefeldt, T., Rossi-Arnaud, C., & Furia, A. (2009). Effects of information type on children's interrogative suggestibility: Is theory-of-mind involved? Cognitive processing, 10, 199–207. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0269-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, M. C., & Baker-Ward, L. (1999). Preschoolers' suggestibility: Effects of developmentally appropriate language and interviewer supportiveness. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 407–429. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00022-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juslin, P., Jones, S., Olsson, H., & Winman, A. (2003). Cue abstraction and exemplar memory: Evidence for multiple representation levels. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 924–941. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.5.924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinski, A. C., & Scullin, M. H. (2009). Suggestibility under pressure: Theory of mind, executive function, and suggestibility in preschoolers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 749–763. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khine, M. S. (2011). Learning to play: Exploring the future of education with video games (Vol. 53). Pieterlen: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Korkman, J. (2006). How (not) to interview children: Interviews with young children in sexual abuse investigations in Finland (Doctoral dissertation). Åbo Akademi University Press, Turku.
   Google Scholar
• Korkman, J., Santtila, P., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2006). Dynamics of verbal interaction between interviewer and child in interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 109–119. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00498.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman, J., Santtila, P., Westeråker, M., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2008). Interviewing techniques and follow-up questions in child sexual abuse interviews. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 108–128. doi:10.1080/17405620701210460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krähenbühl, S., Blades, M., & Eiser, C. (2009). The effect of repeated questioning on children's accuracy and consistency in eyewitness testimony. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 263–278. doi:10.1348/135532508X398549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E. (1994). The investigation of child sexual abuse: An interdisciplinary consensus statement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 1021–1028. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90127-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E. (1996). Effects of investigative utterance types on Israeli children's responses. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 627–638. doi:10.1177/016502549601900310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., & Fauchier, A. (2001). The effects of question type on self-contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 483–491. doi:10.1002/acp.726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., Hovav, M., Manor, T., & Yudilevitch, L. (1996). Effects of investigative utterance types on Israeli children's responses. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 627–637. doi:10.1177/016502549601900310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Esplin, P. W. (1998). Conducting investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 813–823. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00056-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M., E., Sternberg, J., & Esplin, P. W. (2000). Effect of age and delay on the amount of information provided by alleged sex abuse victims in investigative interviews. Child Development, 71, 1586–1596. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Mitchell, S. (2002). Is ongoing feedback necessary to maintain the quality of investigative interviews with allegedly abused children? Applied Developmental Science, 6(1), 35–41. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0601_04
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., Stewart, H., & Mitchell, S. (2003). Age differences in young children's responses to open-ended invitations in the course of forensic interviews. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 926. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., & Horowitz, D. (2003). Differences between accounts provided by witnesses and alleged victims of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1019–1031. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00167-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander, L. (2010). Police interviews with child sexual abuse victims: Patterns of reporting, avoidance and denial. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 34, 192–205. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander, L., Granhag, P. A., & Christianson, S. Å. (2005). Children exposed to obscene phone calls: What they remember and tell. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 871–888. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, F., Powell, M. B., & Dudgeon, P. (2002). An examination of the degree to which IQ, memory performance, socio-economic status and gender predict young children's suggestibility. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 227–239. doi:10.1348/135532502760274729
   Google Scholar
• Memon, A., Wark, L., Holley, A., Bull, R., & Koehnken, G. (1996). Interviewer behavior in investigative interviews. Psychology, Crime & Law, 7, 135–155.
   Google Scholar
• Okanda, M., & Itakura, S. (2010). When do children exhibit a ‘yes’ bias? Child Development, 81, 568–580. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01416.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Enhancing children's narratives in investigative interviews. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1631–1648. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00207-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2001). The relationship between within-interview contradictions and eliciting interviewer utterances. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 323–333. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00254-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Young children's references to temporal attributes of allegedly experienced events in the course of forensic interviews. Child Development, 78, 1100–1120. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01055.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, T., & Pipe, M. E. (2009). Exploratory assessments of child abuse: Children's responses to interviewer's questions across multiple interview sessions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 490–504. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipe, M.-E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2004). Recent research on children's testimony about experienced and witnessed events. Developmental Review, 24, 440–468. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, M. B., Fisher, R. P., & Hughes-Scholes, C. H. (2008). The effect of intra-versus post-interview feedback during simulated practice interviews about child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 213–227. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, H. L., & Roberts, K. P. (2011). The effects of an intensive training and feedback program on police and social workers' investigative interviews of children. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43, 235–244. doi:10.1037/a0022541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, H. L., Roberts, K. P., & Collins, A. (2012). The quality of children's allegations of abuse in investigative interviews containing practice narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Principe, G. F., & Schindewolf, E. (2012). Natural conversations as a source of false memories in children: Implications for the testimony of young witnesses. Developmental Review, 32(3), 205–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, K. P., & Powell, M. B. (2001). Describing individual incidents of sexual abuse: A review of research on the effects of multiple sources of information on children's reports. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1643–1659. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00290-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santtila, P., Zappalà, A., & Pompedda, F. (2012). EIT^® (Version 1.0) [Computer software]. Åbo Akademi University.
   Google Scholar
• Sayfan, L., Mitchell, E. B., Goodman, G. S., Eisen, M. L., & Qin, J. (2008). Children's expressed emotions when disclosing maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 1026–1036. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saywitz, K., & Camparo, L. (1998). Interviewing child witnesses: A developmental perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 825–843. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00054-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf, J. M., Alexander, K. W., & Goodman, G. S. (2008). Children's false memory and true disclosure in the face of repeated questions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 100, 157–185. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, N., & Parker, J. F. (2004). Inviting witnesses to speculate: Effects of age and interaction on children's recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(1), 31–52. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scullin, M. H., & Ceci, S. J. (2001). A suggestibility scale for children. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 843–856. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00077-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. C. (2008). Pre-professional mandated reporters' understanding of young children's eyewitness testimony: Implications for training. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1355–1365. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, P. C., Powell, M. B., & Murfett, R. (2009). Getting the story from child witnesses: Applying a story grammar framework. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15, 555–568. doi:10.1080/10683160802409347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, K. J., & Lamb, M. E. (1997). Effects of introductory style on children's abilities to describe experience of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 1133–1146. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00071-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Davies, G. M., & Westcott, H. L. (2001). The memorandum of good practice: Theory versus application. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 669–681. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00232-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P. W., Redlich, A., & Sunshine, N. (1996). The relation between investigative utterance types and the informativeness of child witnesses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 17, 439–451. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(96)90036-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Mitchell, S. (2001). Use of a structured investigative protocol enhances young children's responses to free-recall prompts in the course of forensic interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 997–1005. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Zee, D. J., Holkenborg, B., & Robinson, S. (2012). Conceptual modeling for simulation-based serious gaming. Decision Support Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Young, K., Powell, M. B., & Dudgeon, P. (2003). Individual differences in children's suggestibility: A comparison between intellectually disabled and mainstream samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(1), 31–49. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00138-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, A. R., Woodall, C. E., Thomas, M., Nunno, M., Keeney, J., Larson, S., & Stadfeld, J. (1999). Assessing the effectiveness of a training program for interviewing child witnesses. Applied Developmental Science, 3(2), 128–135. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0302_6
   Google Scholar
• Zaragoza, M. S., Dahlgren, D., & Muench, J. (1992). The role of memory impairment in children's suggestibility. In M. L. Howe, C. J. Brainerd, & V. F. Reyna (Eds.), Development of long-term retention (pp. 159–183). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar