Adaptation of the Basic Empathy Scale among a Portuguese sample of incarcerated juvenile offenders

References

• Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., & Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”. Journal of Adolescence 32, 393–408. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological tests. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41, 387–397. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. (2003). The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P., & Wu, E. (2008). EQS for Windows user's guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
   Google Scholar
• Berthoz, S., Wessa, M., Kedia, G., Wicker, B., & Grezes, J. (2008). Cross-cultural validation of the empathy quotient in a French-speaking sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 53, 469–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413–425. doi:10.2307/1128984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Carré, A., Stefaniak, N., D'Ambrosio, F., Bensalah, L., & Besche-Richard, C. (2013). The Basic Empathy Scale in adults (BES-A): Factor structure of a revised form. Psychological Assessment, 25, 679–691. doi:10.1037/a0032297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988–998. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information‐processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002. doi:10.2307/1131875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadds, M. R., Perry, Y., Hawes, D. J., Merz, S., Riddell, A. C., Haines, D. J., … Abeygunawardane, A. I. (2006). Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 280–281. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.018150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., & Merz, S. (2009). Learning to ‘talk the talk’: The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 599–606. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02058.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ambrosio, F., Olivier, M., Didon, D., & Besche, C. (2009). The Basic Empathy Scale: A French validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 160–165. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. A. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents, 10, 85.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, P. A., Kendall, P. C., Finch Jr, A. J., & Sitarz, A. M. (1977). Empathy, locus of control and anxiety in college students. Psychological Reports, 40, 1236–1238. doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.40.3c.1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domino, G., & Domino, M. (2006). Psychological testing: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Essau, C., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13, 454–469. doi: 10.1177/1073191106287354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. (2005). The importance of child and adolescent psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 489–497. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-5729-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1969). The relationship between empathy and aggression in two age groups. Developmental Psychology, 1(2), 102–107. doi:10.1037/h0027016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P., Barry, C., & Bodin, S. (2000). Applying the concept of psychopathy to children: Implications for the assessment of antisocial youth. In C. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner's guide (pp. 1–24). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P., & Hare, R. (2001). The Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD): Technical manual. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health System.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P., O'Brien, B., Wootton, J., & McBurnett, K. (1994). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 700–707. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.103.4.700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2013). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1–57. doi:10.1037/a0033076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng, Y., Xia, D., & Qin, B. (2012). The Basic Empathy Scale: A Chinese validation of a measure of empathy in adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43, 499–510. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0278-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, G., Dalton, S., Kolbert, J. B., Kanyongo, G. Y., & Crothers, L. M. (2014). Proactive and reactive aggression and cognitive and affective empathy among students in middle school. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 1, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Grynberg, D., Luminet, O., Corneille, O., Grèzes, J., & Berthoz, S. (2010). Alexithymia in the interpersonal domain: A general deficit of empathy? Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 845–850. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambleton, R., Merenda, P., & Spielberger, C. (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Hare, R. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised: Technical manual (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2010). Psychopathy: Assessment and forensic implications. In L. Malatesti & J. McMillan (Eds.), Responsibility and psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy (pp. 93–123). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. Handbook of emotions, 3, 440–455.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307–316. doi:10.1037/h0027580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441–476. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589–611. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2007). Examining the relationship between low empathy and self‐reported offending. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12, 265–286. doi:10.1348/135532506X147413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R., & Saccuzzo, D. (2009). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Fazekas, H., & Loney, B. R. (2006). Psychopathy, aggression, and the processing of emotional stimuli in non‐referred girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(1), 21–37. doi:10.1002/bsl.668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L. C., … Morris, A. S. (2008). Assessing callous–unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of callous–unemotional traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 241–252. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83–94. doi:10.1023/A:1022684520514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech, N., Barrett, K., & Morgan, G. (2015). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maroco, J. (2014). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software & aplicações [Structural equations analysis: Theoretical foundations, software and applications]. Pero Pinheiro: Report Number, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A. (1996). Manual for the balanced emotional empathy scale (BEES). Monterey, CA: Albert Mehrabian.
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525–543. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2003). Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality: A replication and extension. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 168–178. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8102_08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, L., & Frick, P. (2007). The reliability, stability, and predictive utility of the self-report version of the antisocial process screening device. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 299–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, L. C. (2009). Callous-unemotional traits are related to combined deficits in recognizing afraid faces and body poses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 554–562. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c2419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, L. C., Qualter, P., & Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 183–196. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, A. B., Clark, T. T., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2011). Empathy and drug use behaviors among African-American adolescents. Journal of Drug Education, 41, 289–308. doi:10.2190/DE.41.3.d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini, D. A., Lochman, J. E., & Frick, P. J. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 364–371. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., Maroco, J., Poiares, C., & Vieira, R. (2013). Validation of the Portuguese version of the antisocial process screening device self-report with a focus on delinquent behavior and behavior problems. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(1), 112–126. doi:10.1177/0306624X11427174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., Ray, J., Barroso, R., Maroco, J., & Gonçalves, R. (in press). Validation of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits among a Portuguese sample of detained juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. doi:10.1177/0306624X14551256
   Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., Ray, J., Raine, A., Maroco, J., & Gonçalves, R. (2015). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Validation among a Portuguese sample of juvenile delinquents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., Silva, I., Maroco, J., & Gonçalves, R. (2014). Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Ansiedade Social para Adolescentes em jovens institucionalizados [Psychometric properties of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents among institutionalized youths]. Psicologia, Saúde e Doenças. 15, 586–596. doi:10.15309/14psd150303
   Google Scholar
• Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., … Liu, J. (2006). The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas-Wright, C., Olate, R., & Vaughn, M. (2012). Assessing empathy in Salvadoran high-risk and gang-involved adolescents and young adults: A Spanish validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 1393–1416. doi:10.1177/0306624X12455170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevecke, K., & Kosson, D. (2010). Relationships of child and adolescent psychopathy to other forms of psychopathology. In R. Salekin & D. Lynam (Eds.), Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 284–314). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tibi-Elhanany, Y., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2011). Social cognition in social anxiety: First evidence for increased empathic abilities. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 48(2), 98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topçu, C., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2012). Affective and cognitive empathy as mediators of gender differences in cyber and traditional bullying. School Psychology International, 33, 550–561. doi:10.1177/0143034312446882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon, D., Lynam, D., & Johnson, J. (2014). The (non)relation between empathy and aggression: Surprising results from a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 751–773. doi:10.1037/a0035236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Helm, G. H. P., Stams, G. J. J. M., van der Stel, J. C., van Langen, M. A. M., & van der Laan, P. H. (2012). Group climate and empathy in a sample of incarcerated boys. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 1149–1160. doi:10.1177/0306624X11421649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Langen, M. A. M., Wissink, I. B., van Vugt, E. S., van der Stouwe, T., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2014). The relation between empathy and offending: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 179–189. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar