Trauma-exposed young victims: possibilities and constraints for providing trauma support within the investigative interview

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I., Tavakoly, B., Witteveen, A. B., Adjokovic, D., Jehel, L. Johansen, V. J.,  … Olff, M. (2010). TENTS guidelines: Development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(1), 69–74. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R. (2001). Cognitive and emotional reactions to traumatic events: Implications for short-term intervention. Advances in Mind–Body Medicine, 74(4), 467–472.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. In E. A. Fattah (Ed.), From crime policy to victim policy (pp. 17–30). London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (EHCR), (signed by Member States of the Council of Europe, at Rome, on 4 November 1950), Art. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Procedure Act of 1981. (2006). The Criminal Procedure Act: Act of 22 May 1981 No. 25: With subsequent amendments, the latest made by Act of 30 June 2006 No. 53. Retrieved from http://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19810522-025-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., Nygaard, E., Ekeberg, Ø., Diseth, T. H, Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Thoresen, S. (2014). Post-traumatic stress reactions in survivors of the 2011 massacre on Utøya Island, Norway. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(14), 361–367. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. (2002). 12th General Report on the CPT’s activities covering the period 1 January to 31 December 2001 (CPT/Inf [2002] 15). Strasbourg: CPT.
   Google Scholar
• Fahsing, I. A., & Rachlew, A. (2009). Investigative interviewing: The Nordic region. In T. Williamsen, B. Milne, & S. P. Savage (Eds.), International developments in investigative interviewing (pp. 39–65). Devon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (2010). The cognitive interview method of conducting police interviews: Eliciting extensive information and promoting therapeutic jurisprudence. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33, 321–328. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogarty, K., Augoustinos, M., & Kettler, L. (2013). Re-thinking rapport through the lens of progressivity in investigative interviews into child sexual abuse. Discourse Studies, 15(4), 395–420. doi: 10.1177/1461445613482429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamst, K. T., & Langballe, Å. (2004). Barn som vitner: En empirisk og teoretisk studie av kommunikasjon mellom avhører og barn i dommeravhør. Utvikling av en avhørsmetodisk tilnærming [Children as witnesses: An empirical and theoretical study of the communication between interviewer and child in interview situations. Development of interview] (Doctoral thesis). University of Oslo, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Hafstad, G. S., Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., Steinsberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2014). PTSD prevalence and symptom structure of DSM-5 criteria in adolescents and young adults surviving the 2011 shooting in Norway. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 40–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (2003). The mental health of crime victims: Impact of legal intervention. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(2), 159–166. doi: 10.1023/A:1022847223135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., … Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70(4), 283–315. doi: 10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokland, M. (2006). Kan noen traumatiserte pasienter ta skade av eksponering for minner om traumer? [Can exposure to trauma memories damage traumatized patients?]. Tidsskrift for den norske psykologforening, 43(11), 1150–1158.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, U. (2004). Crime victims’ experiences of police interviews and their inclination to provide or omit information. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 6(3), 155–170. doi: 10.1350/ijps.6.3.155.39131
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, U., & Madsen, K. (2014). Rapport operationalized as a humanitarian interview in investigative interview settings. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(4), 591–610. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2013.873975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, J. (2001). Worlds apart? Women, rape and the police reporting process. British Journal of Criminology, 41(4), 679–706. doi: 10.1093/bjc/41.4.679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96. doi: 10.1037/a0021466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterView: Introduktion til et håndværk [Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative interviewing] (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels.
   Google Scholar
• Langballe, Å., & Schultz J.-H. (2016). I couldn’t tell such things to others: Trauma-exposed youth and the investigative interview. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. doi:10.1080/15614263.2016.1229185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), 21–35. doi: 10.1177/160940690300200303
   Google Scholar
• Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(4), 451–466. doi: 10.1348/000711201161109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz, B. T., & Maguen, S. (2007). Early intervention for trauma. In M. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 306–329). New York, NY: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Løvlie Schibbye, A.-L. (2002). En dialektiskt relationsforståelse [A dialectic understanding of relationship]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Madsen, K., & Holmberg, U. (2015). Interviewees’ psychological well-being in investigative interviews: A therapeutic jurisprudential approach. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(1), 60–74. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2014.918083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(2), 45–79. doi: 10.1111/1529-1006.01421
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michel, P.-O. (2013). Moderne krisestøtte: Oppsummering basert på internasjonal litteratur [Modern crisis intervention: Summary based on international literature]. Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, B., Shaw, G., & Bull, R. (2007). Investigative interviewing: The role of research. In D. Carsons, R. Milne, F. Paker, K. Shalev, & A. Shamyer (Eds.), Applying psychology to criminal justice (pp. 65–80). West Sussex: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, R., & Bull, R. (1999). Investigative interviewing: Psychology and practice. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ord, B., Shaw, G., & Green, T. (2011). Investigative interviewing explained. (3rd ed.). Chatswood: LexisNexis.
   Google Scholar
• Oxburgh, G., & Ost, J. (2011). The use and efficacy of empathy in police interviews with suspects of sexual offences. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 178–188. doi: 10.1002/jip.143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Påtaleinstruksen (Prosecution Instructions [PI]). (1985). Forskrift om ordningen av påtalemyndigheten (Påtaleinstruksen). Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/forskrift/1985-06-28-1679
   Google Scholar
• Rachlew, A., & Fahsing, I. (2015). Politiavhøret [Investigative interview]. In R. Aarli, M.-A. Hedlund, & S. E. Jebens (Eds.), Bevis i straffesaker: Utvalgte emner (pp. 225–254). Oslo: Gyldendal.
   Google Scholar
• Rinkevics, A., & Landmane, D. (2014). Police knowledge of victims’ needs. European Police Science and Research Bulletin, Issue 9, Winther 2013–2014, 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Risan, P., Binder, P.-E., & Milne, R. (2016). Regulating and coping with distress during police interviews of traumatized victims. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(6), 736–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robberstad, A. (2013). Bistandsadvokaten [The lawyer for the injured party] (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5, 2–10. doi: 10.1177/001100007500500202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, E., Mortimer, A., Turner, V., & Watson, J. (1999). Spaced cognitive interviewing: Facilitating therapeutic and forensic narration of traumatic memories. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5(1–2), 117–143. doi: 10.1080/10683169908414997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Yves, M. (2006). The psychology of rapport: Five basic rules. In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: Rights, research and regulation (pp. 87–106). New York, NY: William.
   Google Scholar
• Stridbeck, U., & Magnussen, P. S. (2011). Prevention of wrongful convictions: Norwegian legal safeguards and the criminal cases review commission. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 80(4), 1372–1390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoresen, S., Aakvaag, H. F., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Dyb, G., & Hjemdal, O. K. (2012). The day Norway cried: Proximity and distress in Norwegian citizens following the 22nd July 2011 terrorist attacks in Oslo and on Utøya Island. European Journal of Psychotraumathology, 3. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.19709
   Google Scholar
• Vallano, J. P., & Schreiber Compo, N. (2015). Rapport-building with cooperative witnesses and criminal suspects: A theoretical and empirical review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(1), 85–99. doi: 10.1037/law0000035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winick, B. J. (2009). Therapeutic jurisprudence: Perspectives on dealing with victims of crime. Nova Law Review, 33, 536–544.
   Google Scholar