4,388
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The neuroscience of psychopathy and forensic implications

ORCID Icon &
Pages 296-312 | Received 16 Oct 2017, Accepted 14 Dec 2017, Published online: 28 Dec 2017

References

  • Aguirre, G. K. (2003). Functional imaging in behavioral neurology and cognitive neuropsychology. In T. E. Feinberg & M. J. Farah (Eds.), Behavioral neurology and cognitive neuropsychopathy (pp. 35–46). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Aharoni, E., Vincent, G. M., Harenski, C. L., Calhoun, V. D., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Neuroprediction of future rearrest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 6223–6228. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219302110
  • Aspinwall, L. G., Brown, T. R., & Tabery, J. (2012). The double-edged sword: Does biomechanism increase or decrease judges’ sentencing of psychopaths? Science, 337, 846–849. doi: 10.1126/science.1219569
  • Baeken, C., Van Schuerbeek, P., De Raedt, R., De Mey, J., Vanderhasselt, M. A., Bossuyt, A., & Luypaert, R. (2011). The effect of one left-sided dorsolateral prefrontal sham-controlled HF-rTMS session on approach and withdrawal related emotional neuronal processes. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 2217–2226. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.009
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R., & Lee, G. P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 5473–5481.
  • Berk, R., Heidari, H., Jabbari, S., Kearns, M., & Roth, A. (2017). Fairness in criminal justice risk assessments: The state of the art. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09207
  • Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., & Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 799–805. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.799
  • Blackford, J. U., & Pine, D. S. (2012). Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: A review of neuroimaging findings. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 501–525. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002
  • Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 71, 727–731. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.71.6.727
  • Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 698–718. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004
  • Blair, R. J. R. (2007). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 387–392. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.07.003
  • Blair, R. J. R. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youth. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 786–799. doi: 10.1038/nrn3577
  • Blair, R. J. R., Jones, L., Clark, F., & Smith, M. (1997). The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Psychophysiology, 34, 192–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02131.x
  • Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2014). Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. New England Journal of Medicine, 371, 2207–2216. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1315612
  • Blumer, D., & Benson, D. F. (1975). Personality changes with frontal and temporal lesions. In D. F. Benson & D. Blumer (Eds.), Psychiatric aspects of neurological disease (pp. 151–169). New York, NY: Stratton.
  • Buckholtz, J. W., Treadway, M. T., Cowan, R. L., Woodward, N. D., Benning, S. D., Li, R., … Zald, D. H. (2010). Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 419–421. doi: 10.1038/nn.2510
  • Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 215–222. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2
  • Caldwell, M. F., McCormick, D., Wolfe, J., & Umstead, D. (2012). Treatment-related changes in psychopathy features and behavior in adolescent offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 144–155. doi: 10.1177/0093854811429542
  • Caldwell, M., Skeem, J., Salekin, R., & Van Rybroek, G. (2006). Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: A 2-year follow-up. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 571–596. doi: 10.1177/0093854806288176
  • Chapman, H., Gillespie, S. M., & Mitchell, I. J. (2017). Facial affect processing in incarcerated violent males: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1–73. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.006
  • Cho, S. S., Ko, J. H., Pellecchia, G., Van Eimeren, T., Cilia, R., & Strafella, A. P. (2010). Continuous theta burst stimulation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces changes in impulsivity level. Brain Stimulation, 3, 170–176. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.002
  • Choy, O., Berryessa, C. M., & Raine, A. (2016). The ethics of biological interventions on psychopathic prisoners. AJOB Neuroscience, 7, 154–156. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2016.1218381
  • Choy, O., Raine, A., & Hamilton, R. H. (under review). Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex reduces intentions to commit violence: A randomized clinical trial.
  • Cohn, M. D., Viding, E., McCrory, E., Pape, L., van den Brink, W., Doreleijers, T. A., … Popma, A. (2016). Regional grey matter volume and concentration in at-risk adolescents: Untangling associations with callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 254, 180–187. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.003
  • Coid, J. W., Ullrich, S., & Kallis, C. (2013). Predicting future violence among individuals with psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203(5), 387–388. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118471
  • Cope, L. M., Ermer, E., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Paralimbic gray matter reductions in incarcerated adolescent females with psychopathic traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 659–668. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9810-4
  • Cope, L. M., Shane, M. S., Segall, J. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D., … Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Examining the effect of psychopathic traits in gray matter volume in a community substance abuse sample. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 204, 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.10.004
  • Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 783–790. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783
  • Craig, M. C., Catani, M., Deeley, Q., Latham, R., Daly, E., Kanaan, R., … Murphy, D. G. (2009). Altered connections on the road to psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 946–953, 907. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.40
  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error. New York, NY: Putnam.
  • Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Frank, R., Galaburda, A. M., & Damasio, A. R. (1994). The return of phineas gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264, 1102–1105. doi: 10.1126/science.8178168
  • Dambacher, F., Schuhmann, T., Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Brugman, S., & Sack, A. T. (2015). Reducing proactive aggression through non-invasive brain stimulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1303–1309. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv018
  • Dawel, A., O’Kearney, R., McKone, E., & Palermo, R. (2012). Not just fear and sadness: Meta-analytic evidence of pervasive emotion recognition deficits for facial and vocal expressions in psychopathy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 2288–2304. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.08.006
  • De Brito, S. A., Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R., Jones, A. P., Barker, G. J., … Viding, E. (2009). Size matters: Increased gray matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain, 132, 843–852. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp011
  • Decety, J., Skelly, L. R., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Brain response to empathy-eliciting scenarios involving pain in incarcerated individuals with psychopathy. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 638–645. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.27
  • Decety, J., Skelly, L., Yoder, K. J., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Neural processing of dynamic emotional facial expressions in psychopaths. Social Neuroscience, 9, 36–49. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2013.866905
  • Delgado, M. R. (2007). Reward-related responses in the human striatum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 70–88. doi: 10.1196/annals.1390.002
  • de Oliveira-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignácio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F., & Moll, J. (2008). Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage, 40, 1202–1213. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.054
  • Despotovic, I., Goossens, B., & Philips, W. (2015). MRI segmentation of the human brain: Challenges, methods, and applications. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2015, 450341. doi: 10.1155/2015/450341
  • Dotterer, H. L., Hyde, L. W., Swartz, J. R., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2017). Amygdala reactivity predicts adolescent antisocial behavior but not callous-unemotional traits. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 24, 84–92.
  • D’Silva, K., Duggan, C., & McCarthy, L. (2004). Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 163–177. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.2.163.32775
  • Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 649–658. doi: 10.1037/a0026371
  • Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits. Journal of the American Academy of Children & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 94–103.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.013
  • Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1985). Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology, 35, 1731–1731. doi: 10.1212/WNL.35.12.1731
  • Fairchild, G., Hagan, C. C., Walsh, N. D., Passamonti, L., Calder, A. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2013). Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of Children Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 86–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02617.x
  • Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L., Hurford, G., Hagan, C. C., von dem Hagen, E. A., van Goozen, S. H., … Calder, A. J. (2011). Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 624–633. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081184
  • Farahany, N. A. (2016). Neuroscience and behavioral genetics in US criminal law: An empirical analysis. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 2, 485–509.
  • Fecteau, S., Knoch, D., Fregni, F., Sultani, N., Boggio, P., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Diminishing risk-tasking behavior by modulating activity in the prefrontal cortex: A direct current stimulation study. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 12500–12505. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3283-07.2007
  • Fersch, E. L. (Ed.). (2006). Thinking about psychopaths and psychopathy: Answers to frequently asked questions with case examples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.
  • Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Blair, K. S., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Ng, P., … Blair, R. J. (2011). Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 152–162. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010129
  • Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Budhani, S., … Blair, J. R. (2008). Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 586–594. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.586
  • Frick, P. J. (2009). Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: Implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 803–812. doi: 10.1177/070674370905401203
  • Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2009). Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 253–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.002
  • Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2014a). Neurocriminology: Implications for the punishment, prediction and prevention of criminal behavior. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 54–63. doi: 10.1038/nrn3640
  • Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2014b). Psychopathy: An introduction to biological findings and their implications. New York: New York University Press.
  • Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., & Schug, R. A. (2009). The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 5–6. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.104
  • Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., Yaralin, P. S., & Yang, Y. (2010). Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 52–58. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.018
  • Glenn, A. L., & Yang, Y. (2012). The potential role of the striatum in antisocial behaviour and psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 817–822. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.027
  • Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., & End, A. (2004). Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 516–521. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.030
  • Grabenhorst, F., & Rolls, E. T. (2011). Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 56–67. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.004
  • Greene, E., & Cahill, B. S. (2011). Effects of neuroimaging evidence on mock juror decision making. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30, 280–296. doi: 10.1002/bsl.1993
  • Harenski, C. L., Harenski, K. A., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Neural processing of moral violations among incarcerated adolescents with psychopathic traits. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 181–189. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.09.002
  • Harlow, J. M. (1868). Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 2, 327–347.
  • Henson, R. (2005). What can functional neuroimaging tell the experimental psychologist? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58, 193–233. doi: 10.1080/02724980443000502
  • Hubner, D., & White, L. (2016). Neurosurgery for psychopaths? An ethnical analysis. AJOB Neuroscience, 7, 140–149. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2016.1218376
  • Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (Eds.). (2009). Windows to the brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publication.
  • Hyde, L. W., Byrd, A. L., Votruba-Drzal, E., Hariri, A. R., & Manuck, S. B. (2014). Amygdala reactivity and negative emotionality: Divergent correlates of antisocial personality and psychopathy traits in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 214–224. doi: 10.1037/a0035467
  • Jones, A., Laurens, K., Herba, C., Barker, G., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95–102. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050
  • Kellmeyer, P. (2017). Ethical and legal implications of the methodological crisis in neuroimaging. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 26, 530–554. doi: 10.1017/S096318011700007X
  • Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). Criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics. The Jurimetrics, 51, 355–397.
  • Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677–684. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01222-7
  • Koenigs, M. (2012). The role of prefrontal cortex in psychopathy. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 23, 253–262. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0036
  • Koenigs, M., Baskin-Sommers, A., Zeier, J., & Newman, J. P. (2011). Investigating the neural correlates of psychopathy: A critical review. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 792–799. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.124
  • Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., & Newman, J. P. (2010). Economic decision-making in psychopathy: A comparison with ventromedial prefrontal lesion patients. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2198–2204. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.012
  • Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., Zeier, J., & Newman, J. P. (2012). Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 708–714. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr048
  • Koenigs, M., & Tranel, D. (2007). Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: Evidence from the ultimatum game. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 951–956. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4606-06.2007
  • Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446(7138), 908–911. doi: 10.1038/nature05631
  • Kolko, D. J., Dorn, L. D., Bukstein, O. G., Pardini, D., Holden, E. A., & Hart, J. (2009). Community vs. Clinic-based modular treatment of children with early-onset ODD or CD: A clinical trial with 3-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 591–609. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9303-7
  • Korponay, C., Pujara, M., Deming, P., Philippi, C., Decety, J., Kosson, D. S., … Koenigs, M. (2017). Impulsive-antisocial dimension of psychopathy linked to enlargement and abnormal functional connectivity of the striatum. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2, 149–157.
  • Leistico, A.-M. R., Salekin, R. T., DeCoster, J., & Rogers, R. (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 28–45. doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9096-6
  • Levy, K. (2011). Dangerous psychopaths: Criminally responsible but not morally responsible, subject to criminal punishment and to prevent detention. San Diego Law Review, 48, 1299–1396.
  • Ling, S., Raine, A., Gao, Y., & Schug, R. A. (under review). The mediating role of emotional intelligence on the autonomic functioning – psychopathy relationship.
  • Ling, S., Umbach, R., & Raine, A. (in press). Neural basis of psychopathy. In M. Delisi (Ed.), Routledge international handbook of psychopathy and crime.
  • Liu, J. H. (2011). Early health risk factors for violence: Conceptualization, evidence, and implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 63–73. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.003
  • Lozier, L. M., Cardinale, E. M., VanMeter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 627–636. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4540
  • Ly, M., Motzkin, J. C., Philippi, C. L., Kirk, G. R., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2012). Cortical thinning in psychopathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 743–749. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11111627
  • Marsh, A. A., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008). Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 454–465. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.003
  • Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Fowler, K. A., Adalio, C. J., Jurkowitz, I. T., Schechter, J. C., … Blair, R. J. (2013). Empathic responsiveness in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in youth with psychopathic traits. Journal of Children Psychology & Psychiatry, 54, 900–910. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12063
  • Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., … Blair, R. J. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 712–720. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071145
  • Morgan, A. B., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113–136. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8
  • Morse, S. (2005). Brain overclaim syndrome and criminal responsibility: A diagnostic note. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 3, 397–412.
  • Morse, S. J. (2008). Psychopathy and criminal responsibility. Neuroethics, 1, 205–212. doi: 10.1007/s12152-008-9021-9
  • Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2011). Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 17348–17357. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4215-11.2011
  • Newman, J. P., Patterson, C. M., & Kosson, D. S. (1987). Response perseveration in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96(2), 145–148. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.96.2.145
  • O’Doherty, J. P. (2011). Contributions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to goal-directed action selection. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1239, 118–129. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06290.x
  • Pardini, D. A., Raine, A., Erickson, K., & Loeber, R. (2013). Lower amygdala volume in men is associated with childhood aggression, early psychopathic traits, and future violence. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 73–80. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.003
  • Pisano, S., Muratori, P., Gorga, C., Levantini, V., Juliano, R., Catone, G., & Masi, G. (2017). Conduct disorders and psychopathy in children and adolescents: Aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment strategies of callous-unemotional traits. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 43, 84. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0404-6
  • Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59–63. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004
  • Raine, A. (in press). Antisocial personality as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology.
  • Riva, P., Gabbiadini, A., Lauro, L. J. R., Andrighetto, L., Volpato, C., & Bushman, B. J. (2017). Neuromodulation can reduce aggressive behavior elicited by violent video games. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 452–459. doi: 10.3758/s13415-016-0490-8
  • Riva, P., Lauro, L. J. R., DeWall, C. N., Chester, D. S., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). Reducing aggressive responses to social exclusion using transcranial direct current stimulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 352–356. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu053
  • Rogers, R., Jackson, R. L., Sewell, K. W., & Johansen, J. (2004). Predictors of treatment outcome in dually-diagnosed antisocial youth: An intitial study of forensic inpatients. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22, 215–222. doi: 10.1002/bsl.558
  • Roth, A. (2016). What is machine learning? And why might it be unfair? Retrieved from https://pennlaw.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id = 58b53068-cd43-429e-b6c1-4563f69ce9ba
  • Schiffer, B., Muller, B. W., Scherbaum, N., Hodgins, S., Forsting, M., Wiltfang, J., … Leygraf, N. (2011). Disentangling structural brain alterations associated with violent behavior from those associated with substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1039–1011. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.61
  • Schultz, D. H., Balderston, N. L., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Larson, C. L., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2016). Psychopaths show enhanced amygdala activation during fear conditioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 348. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00348
  • Sebastian, C. L., McCrory, E. J. P., Cecil, C. A. M., Lockwood, P. L., De Brito, S. A., Fontaine, N. M. G., & Viding, E. (2012). Neural responses to affective and cognitive theory of mind in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 814–822. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2070
  • Serin, R. C., & Amos, N. L. (1995). The role of psychopathy in the assessment of dangerousness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 231–238. doi: 10.1016/0160-2527(95)00008-6
  • Sharp, C., & Kine, S. (2008). The assessment of juvenile psychopathy: Strengths and weaknesses of currently used questionnaire measures. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(2), 85–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00483.x
  • Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2003). Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 513–546. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00098-8
  • Sterzer, P., Stadler, C., Krebs, A., Kleinschmidt, A., & Poustka, F. (2005). Abnormal neural responses to emotional visual stimuli in adolescents with conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 7–15. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.008
  • Tassy, S., Oullier, O., Duclos, Y., Coulon, O., Mancini, J., Deruelle, C., … Wicker, B. (2012). Disrupting the right prefrontal cortex alters moral judgment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 282–288. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr008
  • Umbach, R., Berryessa, C., & Raine, A. (2015). Brain imaging research on psychopathy: Implications for punishment, prediction, and treatment in youth and adults. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 295–306. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.003
  • Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Dadds, M. R., Lockwood, P. L., Cecil, C. A., De Brito, S. A., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: The role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 1109–1116. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020191
  • Vieira, J. B., Ferreira-Santos, F., Almeida, P. R., Barbosa, F., Marques-Teizeira, J., & Marsh, A. A. (2015). Psychopathic traits are associated with cortical and subcortical volume alterations in healthy individuals. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1693–1704. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv062
  • Vitacco, M. J., Newmann, C. S., & Pardini, D. A. (2014). Predicting future criminal offending in a community-based sample of males using self-reported psychopathy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 345–363. doi: 10.1177/0093854813500488
  • Wallace, G. L., White, S. F., Robustelli, B., Sinclair, S., Hwang, S., Martin, A., & Blair, R. J. R. (2014). Cortical and subcortical abnormalities in youths with conduct disorder and elevated callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 456–465. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.008
  • Walters, G. D. (2003). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the psychopathy checklist factor scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541–558. doi: 10.1023/A:1025490207678
  • Ward, J. (2012). The student’s guide to social neuroscience. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Weber, S., Habel, U., Amunts, K., & Schneider, F. (2008). Structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths: A review. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 26, 7–28. doi: 10.1002/bsl.802
  • Weisberg, D. S., Keil, F. C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E., & Gray, J. R. (2008). The seductive allure of neuroscientific explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 470–477. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20040
  • White, S. F., Marsh, A. A., Fowler, K. A., Schechter, J. C., Adalio, C., Pope, K., … Blair, R. J. (2012). Reduced amygdala response in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: Decreased emotional response versus increased top-down attention to nonemotional features. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 750–758. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081270
  • Wolf, R. C., Pujara, M. S., Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., Decety, J., … Koenigs, M. (2015). Interpersonal traits of psychopathy linked to reduced integrity of the uncinated fasciculus. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 4202–4209. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22911
  • Yang, Y., Narr, K. L., Baker, L. A., Joshi, S. H., Jahanshad, N., Raine, A., & Thompson, P. M. (2015). Frontal and striatal alterations associated with psychopathic traits in adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 231, 333–340. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.017
  • Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174, 81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012
  • Yang, Y., Raine, A., Colletti, P., Toga, A. W., & Narr, K. L. (2009). Abnormal temporal and prefrontal cortical gray matter thinning in psychopaths. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 561–562, 555. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.12
  • Yang, Y., Raine, A., Colletti, P., Toga, A. W., & Narr, K. L. (2010). Morphological alterations in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in unsuccessful psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 546–554. doi: 10.1037/a0019611
  • Yang, Y., Raine, A., Colletti, P., Toga, A. W., & Narr, K. L. (2011). Abnormal structural correlates of response perseveration in individuals with psychopathy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23, 107–110. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.1.107
  • Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2005). Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1103–1108. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.021
  • Yang, Y., Raine, A., Narr, K. L., Colletti, P., & Toga, A. W. (2009). Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 986–994. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.110

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.