The Burglary Cognitive Distortions Scale: its association with burglary proclivity and other key variables

References

• Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.1.111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleyne, E., Gannon, T. A., Ciardha, C. Ó., & Wood, J. L. (2014). Community males show multiple-perpetrator rape proclivity: Development and preliminary validation of an interest scale. Sexual Abuse, 26(1), 82–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063213480819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleyne, E., Tilston, L., Parfitt, C., & Butcher, R. (2015). Adult-perpetrated animal abuse: Development of a proclivity scale. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(6), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2014.999064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, R. M., & Gannon, T. A. (2009). Rape supportive cognition, sexual fantasies & implicit offence-scripts: A comparison between high and low rape prone men. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 2(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.051968338453140
   Google Scholar
• Beech, A., Fisher, D., & Ward, T. (2005). Sexual murderers’ implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(11), 1366–1389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505278712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, T., & Wright, R. (1984). Burglars on burglary. Gower.
   Google Scholar
• Blake, E., & Gannon, T. (2008). Social Perception deficits, cognitive distortions, and empathy deficits in sex offenders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007311104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock, E. M., & Hosser, D. (2014). Empathy as a predictor of recidivism among young adult offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2012.749472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohner, G., Reinhard, M. A., Rutz, S., Sturm, S., Kerschbaum, B., & Effler, D. (1998). Rape myths as neutralizing cognitions: Evidence for a causal impact of anti-victim attitudes on men's self-reported likelihood of raping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(2), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199803/04)28:2<257::aid-ejsp871>3.0.co;2-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, F. H. (2001). Relative deprivation, opportunity and crime: A study of young men's motivations for commiting burglary (Order No. U615370). [Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casler, K., Bickel, L., & Hackett, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2156–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiroro, P., Bohner, G., Viki, G. T., & Jarvis, C. I. (2004). Rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity: Expected dominance versus expected arousal as mediators in acquaintance-rape situations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503262081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Allen – ACTV. (2018, December 8). Inside the mind of a thief - Burglar confessions [video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/DtwD-c9hn58?t=74
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press.
   Google Scholar
• Cromwell, P. F., Olson, J. N., & Avary, D. W. (1991). Breaking and entering: An ethnographic analysis of burglary (Vol. 8). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.83.2.85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuff, B. M., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914558466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, Y. M., & Marshall, W. L. (2003). Victim empathy, social self-esteem, and psychopathy in rapists. Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320301500102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox, B. H., & Farrington, D. P. (2016). Behavioral consistency among serial burglars: Evaluating offense style specialization using three analytical approaches. Crime & Delinquency, 62(9), 1123–1158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128714540275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, T. A., & Barrowcliffe, E. (2012). Firesetting in the general population: The development and validation of the Fire Setting and Fire Proclivity Scales. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532510x523203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, T. A., Ó Ciardha, C., Doley, R. M., & Alleyne, E. (2012). The multi-trajectory theory of adult firesetting (M-TTAF). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, T. A., & O’Connor, A. (2011). The development of the interest in child molestation scale. Sexual Abuse, 23(4), 474–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063211412390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., & Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlin, J. E. (1988). The misplaced role of rational choice in neutralization theory. Criminology, 26(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00849.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A., Lievesley, R., Blagden, N., Akerman, G., Winder, B., & Baumgartner, E. (2021). Development and validation of the Good Lives Questionnaire. Psychology, Crime & Law, 27(7), 678–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2020.1849695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2016). Attentive Turkers: MTurk participants perform better on online attention checks than do subject pool participants. Behavior Research Methods, 48(1), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazama, K., & Katsuta, S. (2019). Cognitive distortions among sexual offenders against women in Japan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(16), 3372–3391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516669544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindelang, M. J. (1970). The commitment of delinquents to their misdeeds: Do delinquents drift? Social Problems, 17(4), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.2307/799682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockey, D., & Honey, R. C. (2013). Evaluating script-like knowledge in offenders and a small group of non-apprehended offenders. Psychology, Crime & law, 19(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2011.614611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for Fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, K., Garner, B. R., Simpson, D. D., Morey, J. T., & Flynn, P. M. (2006). An assessment for criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhns, J. B., Blevins, K. R., Bolin, R. M., & Cambareri, J. F. (2017). Drug use and abuse as primary motivators for involvement in burglary: A comparison of self-reported differences among a random sample of male and female burglars. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616678613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loney, D. M., & Harkins, L. (2018). Examining the good lives model and antisocial behaviour. Psychology, Crime & Law, 24(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2017.1371304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malamuth, N. M. (1981). Rape proclivity among males. Journal of Social Issues, 37(4), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01075.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, R., Webster, S., Wakeling, H., & Marshall, W. (2007). The measurement and influence of child sexual abuse supportive beliefs. Psychology, Crime & Law, 13(5), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160601061141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, W. L., Hamilton, K., & Fernandez, Y. (2001). Empathy deficits and cognitive distortions in child molesters. Sexual Abuse, 13(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320101300205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall, W. L., Marshall, L. E., & Ware, J. (2009). Cognitive distortions in sexual offenders: Should they all be treatment targets? Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 2, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.052005604395657
   Google Scholar
• Maruna, S., & Copes, H. (2005). What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research? Crime and Justice, 32, 221–320. https://doi.org/10.1086/655355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrady, F., Kaufman, K., Vasey, M. W., Barriga, A. Q., Devlin, R. S., & Gibbs, J. C. (2008). It's all about me: A brief report of incarcerated adolescent sex offenders’ generic and sex-specific cognitive distortions. Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063208320249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meenaghan, A., Nee, C., Van Gelder, J. L., Otte, M., & Vernham, Z. (2018). Getting closer to the action: Using the virtual enactment method to understand burglary. Deviant Behavior, 39(4), 437–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1407104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G., & Forth, A. E. (2002). Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) development, factor structure, reliability, and validity. Assessment, 9(3), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102009003003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G., & Hemmati, T. (2004). The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) the prediction of general and violent recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31(6), 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854804268755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. M., Bartholomew, N. R., Morgan, R. D., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2017). A preliminary investigation of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking styles–Layperson edition–short form. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(5), 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816685591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, C. W., & Wright, R. (2003). Gender, social networks, and residential burglary. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 41(3), 813–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee, C. (2015). Understanding expertise in burglars: From pre-conscious scanning to action and beyond. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 20, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee, C., & Meenaghan, A. (2006). Expert decision making in burglars. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(5), 935–949. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee, C., & Ward, T. (2015). Review of expertise and its general implications for correctional psychology and criminology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 20, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ó Ciardha, C., & Gannon, T. A. (2011). The cognitive distortions of child molesters are in need of treatment. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2011.580573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ó Ciardha, C., & Ward, T. (2013). Theories of cognitive distortions in sexual offending: What the current research tells us. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838012467856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, A., & Gannon, T. A. (2021). An examination of the prevalence and characteristics of UK community males who hold a sexual interest in children using the revised interest in child molestation scale. Psychology, Crime & Law, 27(10), 988–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2021.1876049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, A. M., Dadgardoust, L., Caro Arroyave, S., Vettor, S., & Harkins, L. (2019). Examining the role of pornography and rape supportive cognitions in lone and multiple perpetrator rape proclivity. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 25(3), 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2019.1618506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, E. J., Holmes, A., & Hollin, C. R. (2002). Investigating burglars’ decisions: Factors influencing target choice, method of entry, reasons for offending, repeat victimisation of a property and victim awareness. Security Journal, 15(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340101
   Google Scholar
• Pina, A., Holland, J., & James, M. (2017). The malevolent side of revenge porn proclivity: Dark personality traits and sexist ideology. International Journal of Technoethics, 8(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijt.2017010103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L., Calvert, S. W., & Gannon, T. A. (2009). Linking violent thinking: Implicit theory-based research with violent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508315781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L., & Gannon, T. A. (2004). The implicit theories of rapists: What convicted offenders tell us. Sexual Abuse, 16(4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, J. J. (2018). The complexity of burglars’ responses to empathy cues: A multi-method investigation. Actual Problems of Economics and Law, 12(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047x.12.2018.4.861-875
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, A. N., Kuhns, J. B., & Blevins, K. R. (2017). Exploring and understanding differences between deliberate and impulsive male and female burglars. Crime & Delinquency, 63(12), 1547–1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716660519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santtila, P., Ritvanen, A., & Mokros, A. (2004). Predicting burglar characteristics from crime scene behaviour. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 6(3), 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.6.3.136.39127
   Google Scholar
• Stillman, T. F., Yamawaki, N., Ridge, R. D., White, P. H., & Copley, K. J. (2009). Comparing predictors of sexual harassment proclivity between Japanese and U.S. men.. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szumski, F., Bartels, R. M., Beech, A. R., & Fisher, D. (2018). Distorted cognition related to male sexual offending: The multi-mechanism theory of cognitive distortions (MMT- CD). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2014). Honour among thieves? How morality and rationality influence the decision-making processes of convicted domestic burglars. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813505232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2017). ‘I should have been a security consultant’: The Good Lives Model and residential burglars. European Journal of Criminology, 14(4), 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370816661743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2018). PAUSED for thought? Using verbal protocol analysis to understand the situational and temporal cues in the decision-making of residential burglars. Security Journal, 31(1), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-017-0104-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, D. (2002). Constructing and testing a framework for dynamic risk assessment. Sexual Abuse, 14(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014620214905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K. M., & Howard, M. O. (2008). Toward a quantitative typology of burglars: A latent profile analysis of career offenders. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53, 1387–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00873.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, J., & Bowes, N. (2013). The evaluation of violent thinking in adult offenders and non-offenders using the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 23(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles: Part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854895022003008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D. (2019). Early attachment and narcissistic entitlement: Tracing the roots of adolescent proactive criminal thinking. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 5(2), 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-019-00117-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D., & Morgan, R. D. (2018). Assessing criminal thought content: Preliminary validation of the criminal thought content inventory (CTCI). Psychology, Crime & Law, 24(6), 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2017.1396333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Beech, A. (2006). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., Melser, J., & Yates, P. M. (2007). Reconstructing the Risk–Need–Responsivity model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(2), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime & Law, 8(4), 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160208401823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Stewart, C. A. (2003). The treatment of sex offenders: Risk management and good lives. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(4), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2012). Implicit theories in intimate partner violence offenders. Journal of Family Violence, 27(8), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9465-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, R., & Decker, S. H. (1994). Burglars on the job. Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar