Treating and managing stalking offenders: findings from a multi-agency clinical intervention

References

• Abelvik-Lawson, H., & Bermingham, R. (2018). Stalking and Harassment. Houses of Parliament. Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology. Retrieved September 1, 2020, from https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0592/
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Public Policy, and Law, 16(1), 39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backes, B. L., Fedina, L., & Holmes, J. L. (2020). The criminal justice system response to intimate partner stalking: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Family Violence, 35(7), 665–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00139-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benitez, C. T., McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (2010). Do protection orders protect? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 38(3), 376–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, P., Ireland, J. L., & Ninaus, N. (2018). Treating stalking behaviour: A framework for understanding process components. In J. L. Ireland, P. Birch, & C.A. Ireland (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of human aggression: Current issues and perspectives (pp. 194–204). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, P. Q., & Nobles, M. R. (2017). The dark figure of stalking: Examining law enforcement response. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(20), 3149–3173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, C., & Voerman, B.. (2020). The Dutch model: A New approach to policing stalking. In H.C. Chan & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (pp. 247–268). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Cavezza, C., & McEwan, T. E. (2014). Cyberstalking versus off-line stalking in a forensic sample. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(10), 955–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.893334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, H. C., & Sheridan, L. (2020). Psycho-criminological approaches to stalking behavior: An international perspective. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Civilotti, C., Sciascia, C., Zaccagnino, M., Varetto, A., & Acquadro Maran, D. (2020). States of mind with respect to adult attachment and reflective functioning in a sample of men detained for stalking: Evaluation and clinical implications. SAGE Open, 10(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020962820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleaver, K., Maras, P., Oram, C., & McCallum, K. (2019). A review of UK based multi agency approaches to early intervention in domestic abuse: Lessons to be learnt from existing evaluation studies. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 46, 140–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordier, R., Chung, D., Wilkes-Gillan, S., & Speyer, R. (2019). The effectiveness of protection orders in reducing recidivism in domestic violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 804–828. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019882361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Crown Prosecution Service. (2018). Stalking and Harassment Legal Guidance. Retrieved May 20, 2020 from https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/stalking-and-harassment
   Google Scholar
• Crown Prosecution Service. (2019). Violence against Women and Girls report 2018-2019. Retrieved June 26, 2020 from https://www.cps.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cps-vawg-report-2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crown Prosecution Service. (2020). Stalking Protection Orders. Retrieved 1 December, 2020 from https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/stalking-protection-orders
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. A., & Chipman, M. A.. (2001). Stalkers and other obsessional types: A review and forensic psychological typology of those who stalk. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 4(4), 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-1131(97)90026-2
   Google Scholar
• Fox, C., & Marsh, C. (2016). Operationalising desistance through personalisation. European Journal of Probation, 8(3), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/2066220316683132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, T. A., Olver, M. E., Mallion, J. S., & James, M. (2019). Does specialized psychological treatment for offending reduce recidivism? A meta-analysis examining staff and program variables as predictors of treatment effectiveness. Clinical Psychology Review, 73, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, N. Z., & Ennis, L. (2020). Intimate partner violence risk assessment and management: An RNR approach to threat assessment. In S.J. Wormith, L.A. Craig, & T. E. Hogue (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 163–182). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119315933
   Google Scholar
• Home Office. (2013). Multi-Agency Working and Information Sharing Project Early Findings. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/225012/MASH_Product.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ireland, J. L., Birch, P., & Ireland, C. A. (Eds.). (2018). The routledge international handbook of human aggression: Current issues and perspectives. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• James, D. V., & Farnham, F. R. (2003). Stalking and serious violence. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 31(4), 432–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerath, K., Tompson, L., & Belur, J. (2020). Risk management in stalking victims: A multi-agency approach to victim advocacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520980402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, R. (2020). The problematic development of the Stalking Protection order. Modern Law Review, 83(2), 406–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkodeilou, J. (2015). Stalking victims, victims of sexual violence and criminal justice system responses: Is there a difference or just ‘business as usual’? British Journal of Criminology, 56(2), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2010). Toward a deeper understanding of the harms caused by partner stalking. Violence and Victims, 25(4), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, R. D., & James, D. V. (2011). Management and treatment of stalkers: Problems, options, and solutions. Behavioural Sciences & the Law, 29(2), 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, R. D., McEwan, T. E., Pathé, M. T., James, D. V., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Mullen, P. E. (2009). The stalking Risk Profile: Guidelines for the assessment and management of stalkers. Stalkinc. & Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science.
   Google Scholar
• McEwan, T. E., Harder, L., Brandt, C., & de Vogel, V. (2019). Risk factors for stalking recidivism in a Dutch community forensic mental health sample. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 19(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2019.1661885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwan, T. E., Strand, S., MacKenzie, R. D., & James, D. V. (2017). Screening Assessment for Stalking and Harassment (SASH): Guidelines for application and interpretation.
   Google Scholar
• McKeon, B., McEwan, T. E., & Luebbers, S. (2015). “It's not really stalking if you know the person”: measuring community attitudes that normalize, justify and minimise stalking. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(2), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2014.945637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. E., MacKenzie, R., Ogloff, J. R., Pathé, M., McEwan, T., & Purcell, R. (2006). Assessing and managing the risks in the stalking situation. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 34(4), 439–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M., & Purcell, R. (2009). Stalking typologies and classifications. In P. E. Mullen, M. Pathé, & R. Purcell (Eds.), Stalking and their victims (pp. 58–69). Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. E., Purcell, R., & Stuart, G. W. (1999). Study of stalkers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1244–1249. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.8.1244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijdam-Jones, A., Rosenfeld, B., Gerbrandij, J., Quick, E., & Galietta, M. (2018). Psychopathology of stalking offenders: Examining the clinical, demographic, and stalking characteristics of a community-based sample. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 45(5), 712–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818760643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. (2017). Stalking: Findings from the crime survey for England and Wales. Retrieved December 30, 2019, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/stalkingfindingsfromthecrimesurveyforenglandandwales
   Google Scholar
• Ogloff, J. R., & Davis, M. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk–needs–responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160410001662735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostermeyer, B., Friedman, S. H., Sorrentino, R., & Booth, B. D. (2016). Stalking and violence. Psychiatric Clinics, 39(4), 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2016.07.010
   Google Scholar
• Pathé, M. (2002). Surviving stalking. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pathé, M., Mackenzie, R., & Mullen, P. E. (2004). Stalking by law: Damaging victims and rewarding offenders. Journal of law and Medicine, 12(1), 103–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendergast, M. L., Pearson, F. S., Podus, D., Hamilton, Z. K., & Greenwell, L. (2013). The andrews’ principles of risk, needs, and responsivity as applied in drug treatment programs: Meta-analysis of crime and drug use outcomes. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-013-9178-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protection from Harassment Act. (1997). Retrieved June 21, 2020 from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/40
   Google Scholar
• Protection of Freedom Act. (2012). Retrieved June 21, 2020 from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/contents/enacted
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, R., & McEwan, T. E. (2018). Treatment approaches for stalking. In J.L. Ireland, C.A. Ireland, & P. Birch (Eds.), Violent and sexual offenders: Assessment, treatment and management (2nd ed., pp. 428–444). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reavis, J. A., Allen, E., & Meloy, K. (2008). Psychopathy in a mixed gender sample of adult stalkers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(5), 1214–1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00839.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, A., & Payton, J. (2016). Independent advocacy and multi-agency responses to domestic violence. In S. Hilder & V. Bettinson (Eds.), Domestic Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Protection, Prevention and Intervention (pp. 249–271). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, B. (2000). Assessment and treatment of obsessional harassment. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 5(6), 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00039-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, B. (2003). Recidivism in stalking and obsessional harassment. Law and Human Behavior, 27(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023479706822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, B., Galietta, M., Foellmi, M., Coupland, S., Turner, Z., Stern, S., Wijetunga, C., Gerbrandij, J., & Ivanoff, A. (2019). Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) for the treatment of stalking offenders: A randomized controlled study. Law and Human Behavior, 43(4), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, B., Galietta, M., Ivanoff, A., Garcia-Mansilla, A., Martinez, R., Fava, J., & Green, D. (2007). Dialectical behaviour therapy for the treatment of stalking offenders. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2007.10471254
   Google Scholar
• Siepelmeyer, O., & Ortiz-Müller, W.. (2020). Stop-Stalking–but how. In O. Chan & L. Sheridan, (Eds.), Psycho- Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (pp. 309–334). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanska, E. B., Longpré, N., & Harriman, R. S. (2021). The wheel of change moves on: Assessing the severity of stalking behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211015216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey, J. E., Hart, S. D., Meloy, J. R., & Reavis, J. A. (2009). Psychopathy and stalking. Law and Human Behavior, 33(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9149-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Dunn, H., Bowen, E., & Gilchrist, E. A. (2018). Reporting harassment and stalking to the police: A qualitative study of victims’ experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11-12), NP5965–NP5992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518811423
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomlinson, M. F. (2018). A theoretical and empirical review of Dialectical behaviour therapy within forensic psychiatric and correctional settings worldwide. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 17(1), 72–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2017.1416003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompson, L., Belur, J., & Jerath, K. (2020). MASIP evaluation final report.
   Google Scholar
• Tompson, L., Belur, J., & Jerath, K. (2021). A victim-centred cost–benefit analysis of a stalking prevention programme. Crime Science, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00158-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T. (2002). The management of risk and the design of good lives. Australian Psychologist, 37(3), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060210001706846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, L. J., MacKenzie, R., Mullen, P. E., & Ogloff, J. R. (2005). The problem behaviour model: The development of a stalkers clinic and a threateners clinic. Behavioural Sciences & the Law, 23(3), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley, R., & Kuss, D. J. (2020). Researcher-practitioner reflections: The therapeutic utility of the visually adapted repertory grid technique (VARGT) with stalkers. The Journal of Forensic Practice, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-09-2019-0041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley, R. C. (2019). What drives men who commit stalking offences and how practitioners can best respond to their needs. [PhD thesis]. Nottingham Trent University.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S., Dempsey, C., Farnham, F., Manze, T., & Taylor, A. (2018). Stalking risks to celebrities and public figures. BJPsych Advances, 24(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2017.22
   Google Scholar