“COME TO LIFE”: AUTHENTICITY, VALUE, AND THE CARNIVAL AS CULTURAL COMMODITY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

References

• Alonso , Ana Maria . 1990 . Men in rags and the devil on the throne: A study of protest and inversion in the carnival of post-emancipation Trinidad . Plantation Society in the Americas , 3 ( 1 ) : 73 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Balligar , Robin . 2007 . “ The Politics of Cultural Value and the Value of Cultural Politics: International intellectual property legislation in Trinidad ” . In Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival , Edited by: Green , Garth L. and Scher , Philip W. 198 – 215 . Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Banks , Russell . October 1989 . “ Caribbean compass ” . In Condé Nast Traveler October , 124 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellour , Hellene and Kinser , Samuel . 1998 . Amerindian masking in Trinidad Carnival: The House of Black Elk in San Fernando . The Drama Review , 42 ( 3 ) : 147 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , Pat . 1994 . “ Presentation at workshop ” . In Carnival: Exploring the Export Potential , University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago .
   Google Scholar
• Brereton , Bridget . 1981 . A History of Modern Trinidad and Tobago, 1783–1962 , Kingston, , Jamaica : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Buff , Rachel . 1997 . “ Mas' in Brooklyn: Immigration, race, and the cultural politics of carnival ” . In Language, Rhythm, and Sound: Black Popular Cultures into the 21^st Century , Edited by: Adjaye , Joseph and Andrews , Adrianne R. 221 – 240 . Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Abner . 1993 . Masquerade Politics , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Colleen Ballerino . 1995 . Marketing paradise, making nation . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 2 ) : 404 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley , Daniel J. 1956 . The traditional masques of carnival . Caribbean Quarterly , 4 ( 3–4 ) : 42 – 90 . Reprinted by Paria Press in 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Edmonson , Belinda . 1999 . “ Trinidad romance: The invention of Jamaican carnival ” . In Caribbean Romances: The Politics of Regional Representation , Edited by: Edmonson , Belinda . 56 – 75 . Charlottesville, VA : University of Virginia .
   Google Scholar
• Fanon , Frantz . 1968 . The Wretched of the Earth , New York : Grove Weidenfeld . [1961]
   Google Scholar
• Franco , Pamela . 1998 . Dressing up and looking good: Afro-Creole female maskers in Trinidad Carnival . African Arts , 31 ( 2 ) : 62 – 67 . 91, 95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallaugher , Annemarie . 1995 . “ Constructing Caribbean culture in Toronto: The representation of Caribana ” . In The Reordering of Culture in the Hood: Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada , 397 – 407 . Ottawa : Carleton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , Garth L. 2002 . Marketing the nation: Carnival and tourism in Trinidad and Tobago . Critique of Anthropology , 22 ( 3 ) : 283 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkin , Michael . 1995 . Modernist anthropology and the tourism of the authentic . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 3 ) : 650 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , Max . 1998 . The impotence of dragons: Playing devil in the Trinidad Carnival . The Drama Review , 42 ( 3 ) : 108 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Errol . 1972 . Carnival: Mandate for a National Theater , Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Errol . 1976 . The Trinidad Carnival: Cultural change and synthesis . Culture , 3 ( 1 ) : 54 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Errol . 1985 . Traditional figures in carnival: Their preservation, development, and interpretation . Caribbean Quarterly , 31 ( 2 ) : 14 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Honore , Brian . 1998 . The midnight robber: Masterpiece of metaphor, baron of bombast . The Drama Review , 42 ( 3 ) : 124 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , George . 1995 . Authenticity in tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 4 ) : 781 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasinitz , Philip . 1992 . Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klak , Thomas , ed. 1998 . Globalization and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Simon . 1999 . Carnival now! . Caribbean Travel and Life , 14 ( 1 ) : 54 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool , Hollis . 1993 . Rituals of Power and Rebellion: The Carnival Tradition in Trinidad and Tobago , Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan . Ph.D. dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool , Hollis . 1998 . Origins of rituals and customs in the Trinidad Carnival: African or European? . The Drama Review , 42 ( 3 ) : 24 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Lofting , Christopher and Wilson , Julie . 2001 . The Caribbean, Bermuda, and the Islands of the Bahamas. In “A Special Advertising Supplement to the Sophisticated Traveler,” . New York Times Magazine , 18 November : 23 – 32 . 2001
   Google Scholar
• MacCannell , Dean . 1974 . Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings . American Journal of Sociology , 79 ( 3 ) : 589 – 603 .
   Google Scholar
• MacCannell , Dean . 1976 . The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class , New York : Schocken .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , Daniel . 1991 . Absolute freedom in Trinidad . Man , 26 ( 2 ) : 323 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Newsday , 2 February : 18
   Google Scholar
• Nurse , Keith . 1996 . The Trinidad and Tobago carnival: Towards an export strategy . Caribbean Labour Journal , 5 ( 3 ) : 5 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Nurse , Keith . 1999 . Globalization and Trinidad Carnival: Diaspora, hybridity, and identity in global culture . Cultural Studies , 13 ( 4 ) : 661 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxaal , Ivar . 1982 . Black Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Race and Class in Trinidad , Cambridge, MA : Schenkman .
   Google Scholar
• Pearse , Andrew . 1956 . Carnival in nineteenth century Trinidad . Caribbean Quarterly , 4 ( 3–4 ) : 4 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , Selwyn , ed. 1988 . Trinidad and Tobago: The Independence Experience , St. Augustine : ISER, University of the West Indies .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , Selwyn , ed. 1991 . Social and Occupational Stratification in Contemporary Trinidad and Tobago , St. Augustine : ISER, University of the West Indies .
   Google Scholar
• Scher , Philip W. 2002 . Copyright heritage: Preservation, carnival and the state in Trinidad . Anthropological Quarterly , 75 ( 2 ) : 453 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Scher , Philip W. 2003 . Carnival and the Formation of a Caribbean Transnation , Gainesville, FL : University Press of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Segal , Daniel . 1995 . “ Living ancestors: Nationalism and the past in postcolonial Trinidad and Tobago ” . In Remapping Memory: The Politics of TimeSpace , Edited by: Boyarin , Jonathan . 221 – 239 . Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Silver , Ira . 1993 . Marketing authenticity in third world countries . Annals of Tourism Research , 20 ( 2 ) : 302 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , Valene L. , ed. 1989 . Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism , 2nd , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steckles , Garry . 1993 . Carnival for beginners . Bwee Caribbean Beat , Spring : 14
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , John . 1986 . “ Patronage and control in the Trinidad Carnival ” . In The Anthropology of Experience , Edited by: Turner , Victor and Bruner , Edward . 289 – 315 . Champaign-Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . Sunday Guardian , 26 September : 8
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Sunday Punch , 27 February : 26
   Google Scholar
• Trinidad and Tobago 2000 census , Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Tobago : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , Martin . 1998 . Jouvay Mornin' with the Merry Darceuils: A small neighborhood band on Carnival Morning . The Drama Review , 42 ( 3 ) : 132 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Wüst , Ruth . 1990 . The robber in the Trinidad Carnival . Caribbean Quarterly , 36 ( 3–4 ) : 42 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• “ Tourism and Industrial Development Company of Trinidad and Tobago, Limited (TIDCO) 1995–1999 Report ” . Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Trinidad and Tobago Express , 21 February : 15
   Google Scholar