‘Messy refusal’, assimilationist moves, and the reproduction of Eurocentric modernity/coloniality: examining anti-Islamophobia in Lebanon

References

• Abu-Lughod, L. 2013. Do Muslim Women Need Saving?. Cambridge MI: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adu-Ampong, E. A., and E. A. Adams. 2020. ““But You are Also Ghanaian, You Should Know”: Negotiating the Insider–Outsider Research Positionality in the Fieldwork Encounter.” Qualitative Inquiry 26 (6): 583–592. doi:10.1177/1077800419846532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbarzadeh, S., Ed. 2010. Challenging Identities: Muslim Women in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alimahomed-Wilson, S. 2020. “The Matrix of Gendered Islamophobia: Muslim Women’s Repression and Resistance.” Gender & Society 34 (4): 648–678. doi:10.1177/0891243220932156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, L., and C. C. Sonn. 2017. “Strategies of Resistance to Anti-Islamic Representations Among Australian Muslim Women: An Intersectional Approach.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 21 (11): 1167–1181. doi:10.1080/13603116.2017.1350323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audra, S. 2016. “Consent’s revenge.” Cultural Anthropology 31 (3): 326–333. doi:10.14506/ca31.3.02.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, H. 2017. Citizen Hariri: Lebanon’s Neo-Liberal Reconstruction. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bayraklı, E., and F. Hafez, Eds. 2018. Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies. 1st ed. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429464850.
   Google Scholar
• Bhambra, Gurminder K., Dalia Gebrial, and Kerem Nisʹancłoglu (2018). Decolonising the University. London: Pluto Press
   Google Scholar
• Bracke, S. 2011. “Subjects of Debate: Secular and Sexual Exceptionalism, and Muslim Women in the Netherlands.” Feminist Review 98 (1): 28–46. doi:10.1057/fr.2011.5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collingwood-Whittick, S. 2018. “Settler Colonial Biopolitics and Indigenous Resistance: The Refusal of Australia’s First Peoples “To Fade Away or Assimilate or Just die”.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 42 (2): 11–38. doi:10.17953/aicrj.42.2.collingwood-whittick.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellefsen, R., and S. Sandberg. 2021. “A Repertoire of Everyday Resistance: Young Muslims’ Responses to Anti-Muslim Hostility.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (11): 2601–2619. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1894913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, S. 2009. “The Crusade Over the Bodies of Women.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (3–4): 269–286. doi:10.1080/00313220903109185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay, R., and P. Hopkins. 2019. “Resistance and Marginalisation: Islamophobia and the Political Participation of Young Muslims in Scotland.” Social & Cultural Geography 21 (4): 546–568. doi:10.1080/14649365.2019.1573436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisina, A. 2010. “Young Muslims’ Everyday Tactics and Strategies: Resisting Islamophobia, Negotiating Italianness, Becoming Citizens.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 31 (5): 557–572. doi:10.1080/07256868.2010.513087.
   Google Scholar
• Frisina, A., and C. Hawthorne. 2018. “Italians with Veils and Afros: Gender, Beauty, and the Everyday Anti-Racism of the Daughters of Immigrants in Italy.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (5): 718–735. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1359510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosfoguel, R. 2002. “Colonial Difference, Geopolitics of Knowledge, and Global Coloniality in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist World-System.“ Review (Fernand Braudel Center). 25: 203–224.
   Google Scholar
• Grosfoguel, R. 2013. “The Structure of Knowledge in Westernized Universities: Epistemic Racism/Sexism and the Four Genocides/Epistemicides of the Long 16th Century.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 11 (1): 73–90.
   Google Scholar
• Grosfoguel, R. 2016. “What is Racism?” Journal of World-Systems Research 22 (1): 9–15. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2016.609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajjar, S. G. 2009. “The Convoluted and Diminished Lebanese Democracy.” Democracy and Security 5 (3): 261–276. doi:10.1080/174191.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A., and S. Hussein. 2020. “Conscripts or Volunteers? Young Muslims as Everyday Explainers.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (19): 3974–3991. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1516547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., and J. Roose. 2014. “DIY Citizenship Amongst Young Muslims: Experiences of the ‘Ordinary.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (6): 794–813. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.844782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander, J., and R. Einwohner. 2004. “Conceptualizing Resistance.” Sociological Forum 19 (4): 533–554. doi:10.1007/s11206-004-0694-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, S. 2007. “The Limits of Force/Choice Discourses in Discussing Muslim Women’s Dress Codes.” Transforming Cultures 2 (1): eJournal 2. doi:10.5130/tfc.v2i1.612.
   Google Scholar
• Jouili, J. 2009. “Negotiating Secular Boundaries: Pious Micro-Practices of Muslim Women in French and German Public Spheres.” Social Anthropology 17 (4): 455–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00082.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kassem, A. 2021. “Anti-Muslim Hate on the Eastern Shores of the Mediterranean: Lebanon, the Hijab, and Modernity/Coloniality.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (12): 2213–2233. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1881143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassem, A. 2022. “Belated Arabo-Islamic Difference in Excess: Racialised Religious Practice Under Modernity/Coloniality in Lebanon.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 37 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/13537903.2022.2045782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maasri, Z. 2016. “Troubled Geography: Imagining Lebanon in 1960s Tourist Promotion.” In Designing Worlds: National Design Histories in the Age of Globalization, edited by F. Kjetil and L.-M. Grace, 125–140. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmood, S. 2012. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mignolo, W. 2012. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moukarbel, N. 2009. “Not Allowed to Love? Sri Lankan Maids in Lebanon.” Mobilities 4 (3): 329–347. doi:10.1080/17450100903195409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole, T., and R. Gale. 2013. Political Engagement Amongst Ethnic Minority Young People: Making a Difference. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ozyurt, S. 2013. “Negotiating Multiple Identities, Constructing Western-Muslim Selves in the Netherlands and the United States.” Political Psychology 34 (2): 239–263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00924.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peri, R. D. 2014. “Re-Defining the Balance of Power in Lebanon: Sunni and Shiites Communities Transformations, the Regional Context and the Arab Uprisings.” Oriente moderno 94 (2): 335–356. doi:10.1163/22138.
   Google Scholar
• Poynting, S. 2009. “The ‘Lost’ Girls: Muslim Young Women in Australia.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30 (4): 373–386. doi:10.1080/07256860903214123.
   Google Scholar
• Prasse-Freeman, E. 2022. “Resistance/Refusal: Politics of Manoeuvre Under Diffuse Regimes of Governmentality.” Anthropological Theory 22 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1177/1463499620940218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, R., and D. Mayweather. 2017. “Recounting Racism, Resistance, and Repression: Examining the Experiences and #hashtag Activism of College Students with Critical Race Theory and Counternarratives.” The Journal of Negro Education 86 (3): 283–304. doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.86.3.0283.
   Google Scholar
• Salibi, K. 1998. A House of Many Mansions. London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Sayyid, S. 2014. Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order. 1st ed. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Sherry, O. 2016. “Dark Anthropology and Its Others: Theory Since the Eighties.” Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6 (1): 47–73. doi:10.14318/hau6.1.004.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, A. 2017. “The Ruse of Consent and the Anatomy of ‘Refusal’: Cases from Indigenous North America and Australia.” Postcolonial Studies 20 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1080/13688790.2017.1334283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H. 2007. “Confronting Colonialism and Racism: Fanon and Gandhi.” Pp. 341-352 in Reflections on Fanon: The Violences of Colonialism and Racism, Inner and Global—Conversations with Frantz Fanon on the Meaning of Human Emancipation.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge Volume V (Special Issue): 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Sobo, E. 2016. “Theorizing (Vaccine) Refusal: Through the Looking Glass.” Cultural Anthropology 31 (3): 342–350. doi:10.14506/ca31.3.04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabar, P. 2014. “The Maronite Church in Lebanon: From Nation-Building to a Diasporan/Transnational Institution.” In Migration et Politique Au Moyen-Orient, Contemporain Publications, edited by F. de Bel-Air, 185–201. Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. 2008. Contentious Performances, Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Traboulsi, F. 2007. A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van, E., and A. Margaretha. 2019. “Muslim Women as ‘Ambassadors’ of Islam: Breaking Stereotypes in Everyday Life.” Identities 26 (4): 375–392. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2017.1346985.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, E. 2016. “Refusal as act, Refusal as abstention.” Web Cultural anthropology Vol. 31 (3): 351–358.
   Google Scholar
• Wheatley, L. 2019. “‘Quicksand of Hate’: Experiences of Islamophobia and Poetic Resistance.” Changing English 26 (2): 163–180. doi:10.1080/1358684X.2019.1580141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Womack, D. F. 2012. “Lubnani, Libanais, Lebanese: Missionary Education, Language Policy and Identity Formation in Modern Lebanon.” Studies in World Christianity 18 (1): 4–20 doi:10.3366/swc.2012.0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zogheib, P. 2014. Lebanese Christian Nationalism: A Theoretical Analyses of a National Movement. Massachusetts: MA). Northeastern University.
   Google Scholar