Assessing the emotional and behavioral impact of community and extra curricular activities, police contact, and collective efficacy among youth

References

• Abram, K., Teplin, L., King, D., Longworth, S., Emanuel, K., Romero, E., McClelland, G., Dulcan, M., Washburn, J., Welty, L., & Olson, N. (2013). PTSD, trauma, and comorbid psychiatric national center for mental health and juvenile justice 15 disorders in detained youth. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/239603.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Abram, K. M., Zwecker, N. A., Welty, L. J., Hershfield, J. A., Dulcan, M. K., & Teplin, L. A. (2015). Comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders in youth after detention: A prospective longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). The child behavioral checklist. University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Agans, J. P., Champine, R. B., DeSouza, L. M., Mueller, M. K., Johnson, S. K., & Lerner, R. M. (2014). Activity involvement as an ecological asset: Profiles of participation and youth outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(6), 919–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0091-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, L. A., O’Brien Caughy, M., & Owen, M. T. (2022). “The talk” and parenting while black in America: Centering race, resistance, and refuge. The Journal of Black Psychology, 48(3–4), 475–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984211034294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T. A., Katz, C. M., & Schnebly, S. M. (2015). The relationship between citizen perceptions of collective efficacy and neighborhood violent crime. Crime & Delinquency, 61(1), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710386202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, R., & Hart, D. (2003). Neighborhoods, adults, and the development of civic identity in urban youth. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_6
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, G. M., Hoffman, J. H., Welte, J. W., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2007). Adolescents time use: Effects on substance use, delinquency and sexual activity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5), 697–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9075-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnhart, S., Bode, M., Gearhart, M. C., & Maguire-Jack, K. (2022). Supportive neighborhoods, family resilience, and flourishing in childhood and adolescence. Children, 9(4), 495. Article 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnhart, S., Gearhart, M. C., & Maguire-Jack, K. (2018). Perceptions of collective efficacy among single mothers: Insights for conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Family Issues, 39(17), 4019–4040. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18804285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnert, A. M., Richards, M., Kohl, K., & Randall, E. (2009). Relationships between discretionary time activities, emotional experiences, delinquency and depressive symptoms among urban African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9336-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019). Hot spots policing and crime reduction: An update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(3), 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos-Manzo, A. L., Flores, M., Pérez, D., Halpert, Z., & Zevallos, K. (2020). Unjustified: Youth of color navigating police presence across sociospatial environments. Race and Justice, 10(3), 297–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368717741346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone, J. T., & McMillin, S. E. (2019). Neighborhood collective efficacy and collective action: The role of civic engagement. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(2), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W., Cheng, J., Allaire, J., Xie, Y., & McPherson, J. (2017). Shiny: Web application framework for R (version 1.8.0). Available from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/shiny/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, J. R. (2014). Some general guidelines for choosing missing data handling methods in educational research. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 13(2), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1414814520
   Google Scholar
• Corda, A. (2018). The collateral consequence conundrum: Comparative genealogy, current trends, and future scenarios. In After imprisonment: Studies in law, politics, and society (Vol. 77. pp. 69–97). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-433720180000077004
   Google Scholar
• Darling, N., Caldwell, L. L., & Smith, R. (2005). Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2005.11950040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E., Whyde, A., & Langton, L. (2018). Contacts between police and the public, 2015 (NCJ 251145). Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice. https://dailycaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/BJS-Data.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Denault, A. S., & Poulin, F. (2009). Intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years: Multiple associations with youth outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(9), 1199–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9437-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, E. C., Masyn, K. E., Johnston, W. R., & Subramanian, S. V. (2015). Modeling contextual effects using individual-level data and without aggregation: An illustration of multilevel factor analysis (MLFA) with collective efficacy. Population Health Metrics, 13(1), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-015-0045-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott, S., & Reid, M. (2019). Low-income black mothers parenting adolescents in the mass incarceration era: The long reach of criminalization. American Sociological Review, 84(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419833386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezell, J. M., Richardson, M., Salari, S., & Henry, J. A. (2018). Implementing trauma-informed practice in juvenile justice systems: What can courts learn from child welfare interventions? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(4), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0223-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farb, A. F., & Matjasko, J. L. (2012). Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Developmental Review, 32(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauth, R. C., Roth, J. L., Brooks-Gunn, & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Does the neighborhood context alter the link between youth’s after-school time activities and developmental outcomes? A multilevel analysis. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 760–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, C. A. (2004). Volunteerism, leadership, political socialization, and civic engagement. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 721–746). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, C. B., Catalano, R. F., Mazza, J. J., Brown, E. C., Haggarty, K. P., & Harachi, T. W. (2008). After-school activities, misbehavior in school, and delinquency from the end of elementary school through the beginning of high school: A test of social development model hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(2), 277–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431607313589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J., Grasso, D., Hawke, J., & Chapman, J. (2013). Poly-victimization among juvenile justice-involved youths. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(10), 788–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox‐Williams, B. N. (2019, March). The rules of (dis)engagement: Black youth and their strategies for navigating police contact. Sociological Forum, 34(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. (2022). Empowerment and collective efficacy: Insights for community-based crime prevention. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 33(5), 1-13 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2022.2083742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C. (2019). Integrating sociological and psychological perspectives on collective efficacy. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 46(3), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.4233
   Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C. (2020). Parent and child perceptions of collective efficacy as predictors of delinquency. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C. (2022). Mutual efficacy and social cohesion: Predictors of neighboring and organisational participation. The Australian Community Psychologist, 31(2), 39–55. https://psychology.org.au/getmedia/83074903-e491-4c38-ac17-37ebe64c50f8/gearhart-vol-31(2).pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C., Bender, A., Barnhart, S., & Berg, K. A. (2021). Exploring police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptomatology, depression, and anxiety using factor analysis. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 19(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2021.2001402
   Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C., Bender, A., Barnhart, S., Berg, K. A., & Jones, C. (2022). Youth profiles of police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptomatology. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 39(4), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00741-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C., Berg, K., Barnhart, S., Bender, A., & Jones, C. (2023). Police behaviors and procedural justice: Testing predictors of police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review 144, 106740. Article 106740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, M. C., & Tucker, R. (2020). Criminogenic risk, criminogenic need, collective efficacy and juvenile delinquency. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(9), 1116–1135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820928568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, A., Fagan, J., Tyler, T., & Link, B. G. (2014). Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2321–2327. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstner, D., Wickes, R., & Oberwittler, D. (2019). Collective efficacy in Australian and German neighborhoods: Testing cross-cultural measurement equivalence and structural correlates in a multi-level SEM framework. Social Indicators Research, 144(3), 1151–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02081-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention Science, 8(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, A. M., & McRee, N. (2009). A school-level analysis of adolescent extracurricular activity, delinquency, and depression: The importance of situational context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9279-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., & Amutah-Onukagha, N. (2019). Under the radar: Strategies used by black mothers to prepare their sons for potential police interactions. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(6–7), 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419887069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, T. C., & Colavito, V. (2011). College student victims and reporting crime to the police: The influence of collective efficacy. Western Criminology Review, 12(3), 1–19. http://www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v12n3/Hart.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Heath, R. D., Anderson, C., Turner, A. C., & Payne, C. M. (2018). Extracurricular activities and disadvantaged youth: A complicated—but promising—story. Urban Education, 57(8), 1415–1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085918805797
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, D. B. (2021). The case for conceptualizing youth-police contact as a racialized adverse childhood experience. American Journal of Public Health, 111(7), 1189–1191. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, D. B., Fahmy, C., Vaughn, M. G., & Testa, A. (2019). Police stops among at-risk youth: Repercussions for mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Power, K., Woolston, C., Apurva, P., Begley, A., Mirza, K., Conway, L., Quinn, C., Jowett, S., Howard, R., & Purdie, A. (2018). Multiple traumatic experiences, post‐traumatic stress disorder and offending behaviour in female prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 28(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, M. L., Benson, L., Steinberg, E. A., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The EPOCH measure of adolescent well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. E., McCarter, S., & Logan-Greene, P. (2020). Achieving equal opportunity and justice in juvenile justice (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 25). Grand Challenges for Social Work. https://grandchallengesforsocialwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Achieving-Equal-Opportunity-and-Justice-in-Juvenile-Justice-3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Morgül, K. (2017). Long-term consequences of youth volunteering: Voluntary versus involuntary service. Social Science Research, 67, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, K., Williams, Y., Hunt, A. N., & Paulk, A. (2020). The framing of race: Trayvon Martin and the black lives matter movement. Journal of Black Studies, 51(8), 790–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934720946802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. V. (2005). Positive youth development: A view of the issues. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604273211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littman, D. M. (2021). Third places, social capital, and sense of community as mechanisms of adaptive responding for young people who experience social marginalization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 69(3–4), 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madley-Dowd, P., Hughes, R., Tilling, K., & Heron, J. (2019). The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 110, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S. E., Robinson, M. A., Clayton, D. M., Adedoyin, A. C., Boamah, D. A., Kyere, E., & Harmon, D. K. (2018). A critical race perspective of police shooting of unarmed black males in the United States: Implications for social work. Urban Social Work, 2(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1891/2474-8684.2.1.33
   Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. S., Solow, R. M., & Lum, C. (2015). Deterrence, criminal opportunities, and police. Criminology, 53(1), 74–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebuur, J., van Lente, L., Liefbroer, A. C., Steverink, N., & Smidt, N. Article 1213. (2018). Determinants of participation in voluntary work: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. BMC Public Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6077-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohmer, M., Warner, B. D., & Beck, E. (2010). Preventing violence in low-income communities: Facilitating residents’ ability to intervene in neighborhood problems. The Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 37(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.3518
   Google Scholar
• Penner, E. K., Viljoen, J. L., Douglas, K. S., & Roesch, R. (2014). Procedural justice versus risk factors for offending: Predicting recidivism in youth. Law and Human Behavior, 38(3), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichman, N. E., Teitler, J. O., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. S. (2001). Fragile families: Sample and design. Children and Youth Services Review, 23(4–5), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00141-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D., & Cancino, J. M. (2004). Incivilities in nonmetropolitan communities: The effects of structural constraints, social conditions, and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2003.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhineberger-Dunn, G. M., & Carlson, S. M. (2009). Confirmatory factor analyses of collective efficacy and police satisfaction. Journal of Crime & Justice, 32(1), 125–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2009.9721264
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, R. (2017). The whiteness of gay urban belonging: Criminalizing LGBTQ youth of color in queer spaces of care. Urban Geography, 38(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1239498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect.University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D., & Gannon-Rowley, T. (2002). Assessing “neighborhood effects”: Social processes and new directions in research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 443–478. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruit, A., Hoffenaar, P., van der Put, C., van Vugt, E., & Stams, G. J. (2018). The effect of a sport-based intervention to prevent juvenile delinquency in at-risk adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 689–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, A., Brunton-Smith, I., & Jackson, J. (2013). Collective efficacy, deprivation and violence in London. British Journal of Criminology, 53(6), 1050–1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasley, M. L., Schiele, J. H., Adams, C., & Okilwa, N. S. (2018). Trayvon Martin: Racial profiling, black male stigma, and social work practice. Social Work, 63(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, R., & Gearhart, M. C. (2022). Social ties and collective efficacy as predictors of volunteering. Community Development, 53(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2021.1943697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehara, E., Flynn, M., Fong, R., Brekke, J., Barth, R. P., Coulton, C., Davis, K., DiNitto, D., Hawkins, J. D., Lubben, J., Manderscheid, R., Padilla, Y., Sherraden, M., & Walters, K. (2013). Grand challenges for social work. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(3), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2013.11
   Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D., & Bolger, P. C. (2019). Procedural justice perceptions, legitimacy beliefs, and compliance with the law: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(3), 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-018-9338-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Hinkle, J. C., & Eck, J. E. (2008). The effects of problem‐oriented policing on crime and disorder. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–87. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2008.14
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2005). Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions. Social Forces, 83(3), 1009–1030. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wekerle, C., Wolfe, D. A., Hawkins, D. L., Pittman, A. L., Glickman, A., & Lovald, B. E. (2001). Childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and adolescent dating violence: Considering the value of adolescent perceptions of abuse and a trauma mediational model. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4), 847–871. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401004060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welty, L. J., Harrison, A. J., Abram, K. M., Olson, N. D., Aaby, D. A., McCoy, K. P., Washburn, J. J., & Teplin, L. A. (2016). Health disparities in drug-and alcohol-use disorders: A 12-year longitudinal study of youths after detention. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 872–880. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, A. M., & Gager, C. T. (2007). Idle hands and empty pockets? Youth involvement in extracurricular activities, social capital, and economic status. Youth & Society, 39(1), 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X06296906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, M., & Youniss, J. (1996). A developmental perspective on community service in adolescence. Social Development, 5(1), 85–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00073.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, S., Maguire-Jack, K., Ploss, A., Benavidez, J. L., & Chang, Y. (2023). Contextual factors of child behavioral health across developmental stages. Development and Psychopathology, Advance online publication, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaff, J. F., Moore, K. A., Papillo, A. R., & Williams, S. (2003). Implications of extracurricular activity participation during adolescence on positive outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(6), 599–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403254779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar