- Jinfn , Zhang . 1993 . “Si Tao Ji" [A collection in memory of Tao] ” . 125 For "conservative reformers." 1 refer to those who do not embrace radical market reform..Judging from his advocating macrocontrolled market re torm. Zhang Jinfu, honorary director of the national Tao Research Society, may be categorized as a conservative reformer in Chen Yun's faction. See
- Haylord , Charles . 1990 . To the People: James Yen and Village China , Columbia University Press . For James Yen's reforms in China, see
- Xingzhi , Tao . 1991 . "Zai laoli shang laoxin" (working with one's mind while working with one's hands). Collected Works of Tao Xingzhi , Vol. 1 , 129 – 130 . Sichuan Education Press .
- Kanyuan , Zhang and Wenquan , Tang . 1992 . Pingfan de shensheng-Tao Xingzhi (Tao Xingshi: A Confucius after Confucius) , 173 Hubei Education Press . The debate was going on in Zhongguo Qingnian (Chinese Youth) from January 1924 to May 1924. The most well-known of the CCP leaders who supported the movement was Hui Daiying, and he suggested to Mao Zedong to learn from Tao Xingzhi and initialed a mass education movement In the countryside. See, Mao's attitude toward the mass education movement changed from 1923 to 1926. In 1923. Mao participated in James Yen's experiment on mass education in Changsha. But he criticized the same movement in his 1926 article "Report on an investigation of the Hunan peasant movement." p. 57
- Jian , Zhang . 1999 . “Huiyi Tao Xingzhi" ("In memory of Tao Xingzhi") ” . In WensW ziliao xuanji (A collection of literature and history materials) , Vol. 25 , 42 157 Beijing : China Literature and History Press . A collection of his essays on education was compiled and issued for study and reference in Yenan. Xu TeIi, a former teacher of Mao Zedong and vice minister of CCP Department of Propaganda, was an admirer of Tao and gave himself a pen name "Shi Tao" ("Tao as my teacher")
- Xingzhi , Tao . “Nongmin Hanne hui" ("Peasant associations") . Tao , 1 657
- Xingzhi , Tao . "Minzhu" ("Democracy") , 4 588 – 589 .
- Yuhe , Zhu Yong , Zhang . 1997 . Dangdai yishixingtai qingtai Iu (A history of ideological change in contemporary China) , 10 Beijing : Qinghua University Press . Mao instructed on the seventh session of the Seventh Party Congress In June 1950, "as for intellectuals, use them and at the same time educate arid reform them."
- Ibid., 104-105.
- Ibid.106.
- Ibid.,107.
- Ming , Fang . 1992 . “Zhongzai xuexi guizi shijian" ("Emphasize study and practice") ” . In China Tao Xingzhi Research Society and Foundation, Tao Xingzhi danchen yibai zhounuian jienian ji (A collection of Tao Xingzhi's centennial birthday) , 21 Siehuan Education Press . Chang Jinfu. state councilor and honorary director of the Chinese Tao Xingzhi Research Society, considers il improper Io call Tao [bourgeois] reformist even in 1920s because of his support of Sun Zhongshan's revolution and ideology. Zhang Jilu. 81. 83.88
- Huihan , Liu and Aisheng , Li , eds. 1993 . Shanqa ke jiao xing nong de diaoeha yu uanfiu" (Investigation.s and alt (dies on reviving agriculture with science and educaiton in mountainous regions) , 2 Taiyuan : Shanxi University and College Associated Press . In 1987. the State Council designated 664 counties and 18 regions nation wide as poor. Luliang region being one of them. Among the 118 counties in Shanxi Province. 54 are designated as poor. In these poor counties and regions. 50% of households have no electricity, ten million people and 7 million livestock have serious problems with access to drinking water, the rale of illiteracy and half-illiteracy Is 35% and in some remote regions the rale of school -aged children actually in school is under 24%. Sec
- Mengxiong , Kang . 1905 . “Qianyuanzhuang jiben qingkuang huibao" ("A report on the basic situa tion about Qianyuanzhuang") ” . In Ke jiao xing nong zhi lu (The road to revitalize agriculture thorugh science and education) , Edited by: Ming , Fang and Shihua , Jing . 8 – 9 . The Chinese Tao Xinzhi Research Society and Shangxi Tao Xingzhi Research Society . Even these seven high school graduates had attempted Io emigrate and returned because they could not. survive In the urban environment. This and following information about Kang Mengxiong is based on my Interview with Kang Mengxiong in October. 1995. and
- All these five aspects of education probably do not sound unfamiliar to the American educators except the last one--labor education. Chinese reformers of "quality education" regard cultivating a correct attitude towards manual labor and towards working people as more Important than learn ing some basic traits or skills in labor education. I think that I his belie! is influenced by Chinese educational radicalism of I lie twentieth century from anarchists to Tao Xingzhi to Mao Zedong. For an authoritative definition of "suzhi (quality) education" see Zhou Defan. "Ideas and practices on elementary school quality education" in A collection of elementary school quality education (Jiangyin, 1994) 10. In 1993, the Education Council of the province issued the document "Engineering of Educational Modernization in Southern Jiangsu," which served as the guide line for educational reform for the whole region, Ibid. 8, 11-17. The docu ment lists six goals to be achieved for modernization of education: modernization of concept of education, of educational systems, of curricula, teaching methods, and evaluations, of facilities and equipment, of faculty, of administration and management. In 1993, the CCP Central Committee and the Stale Council issued a document, calling on all Chinese elementary and middle schools to initiate the transition from "examination focused education" Io "quality education," thus endorsing the Jiangsu experience and promoting "quality education" nationwide.
- Baolang , Dong Hongyu , Zhou . 1993 . Tao Xingzhi jiaoyu xueshuo (The educational theory and ideas of Tao Xingzhi) , 5 Hubei : Hubei Educational Publishing Hourse . The most theoretically sophisticated work "Tao Xingzhi jiaoyu xueshuo" (The educational theory and ideas of Tao Xingzhi) assesses Tao as follows: "Politically there is a transition in Tao Xinzhi from a fighter of democratic revolution to that of communism. Philosophically, there is a transition from a believer of idealism to one possessing dialectic materialism, In educational thoughts, there is a transition from a believer of Dewey's pragmatism to creatively advancing his own theory of life education, which is fundamentally different from Dewey's. See. For one thing, if Tao's radicalism can be defined as "communism," it is anarcho-communism rather than Marxist communism of the CCP. Not a single study in China mentions that because anarchism is still a dirty word
- Kaiyuan , Chang and Wenquan , Tang . 1992 . Pinqfan de shensheng-Tao Xingzhi (Tao Xingzhi: A Confucius after Confucius) , Hubei : Hubei Education Publishing House . The two most important studies on Tao by Chinese scholars are:
- Baolang , Dong l-longyu , Zhou , eds. 1993 . Too Xingzhi jiaoyu xueshuo (The educational theory and ideas of Tao Xingzhi) , Hubei : Hubei Educational Publishing House .
Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies
Volume 24, 2002 - Issue 3