Challenges to Democratic Discourse: Media Concentration and the Marginalization of Dissent

REFERENCES

• Ahrens , F. ( 2003 ). Murdoch's DirecTV Deal Scares Rivals: Cable Operators Fear He Will Boost Prices, Threaten to Pull Top Programming . The Washington Post , 11 April .
   Google Scholar
• Ang , I. ( 1991 ). Living Room Wars: Rethinking Media Audiences for a Postmodern World . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bagdikian , B. H. ( 2000 ). The Media Monopoly, , 6th ed. Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bettig , R. ( 1996 ). Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property . Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. ( 2003 ). A Media Empire's Injustices . The Washington Post , 22 April .
   Google Scholar
• Dolny , M. ( 2003 ). Spectrum Narrows Further in 2002: Progressive, Domestic Think Tanks See Drop . Extra! Retrieved 23 February 2004, from http://www.fair.org/extra/0307/thinktanks2002.html
   Google Scholar
• Enzensberger , H. ( 1974 ). The Consciousness Industry . New York : Seabury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farhi , P. ( 1996 ). Murdoch Joins Crowded Cable News Field: Murdoch to Launch All-News Channel . The Washington Post , 3 October .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . ( 1943 ). Decision and Order in the Matter of Radio Corporation of America and American Broadcasting System, Inc. , 10 FCC 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. A. ( 2000 ). Impure Acts: The Practical Politics of Cultural Studies . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. K. ( 1997 ). Bullies on the Block . Columbia Journalism Review , 35 ( 5 ), 19 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Gumbel , A. ( 2003 ). How War Coverage Helped Put Murdoch on a Media Roll in Bush's America . The Independent , Retrieved from http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news_analysis/story.jsp?story=397588
   Google Scholar
• Haddad , C. ( 1997 ). Turner Calls Off the Dogs, to Let Fox News on Cable . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , 24 July .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. ( 1996 ). How Fox News Plans to Challenge Cable's Giant: Rupert Murdoch's Entry into the 24-hour-news Sweepstakes Aims to Set Itself Apart from Venerable CNN . The Los Angeles Times , 3 October .
   Google Scholar
• Hentoff , N. ( 1996 ). Who Owns the First Amendment? The Village Voice , 19 November .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , E. ( 1998 ). The Propaganda Model Revised . In R. W. McChesney , E. M. Wood , & J. B. Foster (Eds.), Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution (pp. 191 – 205 ). New York : Monthly Review Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , E. S. and Chomsky , N. ( 2002 ). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media . 1988. Reprint , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Horkheimer , M. and Adorno , T. W. ( 2000 ). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Original 1944 . New York : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Jhally , S. ( 1989 ). The Political Economy of Culture . In I. Angus & S. Jhally (Eds.), Cultural Politics in Contemporary America (pp. 65 – 81 ). New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. ( 2003 ). For Cable News, Iraq War is a Clear Victory . USA Today , 8 April .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. ( 2003 ). How Fox is Winning the War . Chicago Tribune , 4 April .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , D. D. ( 2003 ). Mr. Murdoch's War . The New York Times , 7 April .
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz , H. ( 1996 ). Is Fox's News Channel Cable-Ready? The Washington Post , 14 October .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , M. ( 2000 ). Fox Out of the Woods . Mediaweek , 10 ( 43 ), 46 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. ( 2003 ). US Broadcasters' War Stance under Scrutiny . The Guardian , 14 April. Retrieved from http://media.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4646693,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , D. (2003). DirecTV Fulfills Murdoch's 20-year Dream. USA Today , 9 April.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell , R. ( 2003 ) . Herbert Schiller . New York : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• McChesney , R. W. ( 1997 ) . Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy . New York : Seven Stories Press .
   Google Scholar
• ——— . ( 1999a ). Oligopoly: The Big Media Game has Fewer and Fewer Players . The Progressive , 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• ——— . ( 1999b ) . Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• McChesney , R. W. and Nichols , J. ( 2002 ) . Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media . New York : Seven Stories Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. ( 2001 ). Fox Trots Ahead of the Rest: Hume is Driving Force Behind News Channel's Rising Popularity . The Houston Chronicle , 8 March .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , F. ( 1996 ). Fox News Channel Pledges Balance with its Rivals . St. Louis Post-Dispatch , 7 October .
   Google Scholar
• Mosco , V. ( 1996 ) . The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal . Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Mosco , V. and Reddick , A. ( 1997 ) . Political Economy, Communication, and Policy . In M. Bailie & D. Winseck (Eds.), Democratic Communication? (pp. 11 – 32 ). Creskill , NY : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mundy , A. ( 1997 ). Manning the News at Fox . Mediaweek , 7 ( 24 ), 26 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , B. ( 2003 ). Tough Times for the USA . Fox News , 7 February . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,77875,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Rich , F. ( 2003 ). The Spoils of War Coverage . The New York Times , 13 April .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , H. ( 2003 ). Objectivity is Lost to Fox News' Barbs . The Los Angeles Times , 11 April .
   Google Scholar
• Rutenberg , J. ( 2003 ). Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New “Fox Effect” on Television . The New York Times , 16 April .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , A. L. ( 1996 ). Wrestling on Cable . The Nation , 263 ( 18 ), 4 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner: Murdoch is a “Warmonger.” ( 2003 ). The Guardian , 25 April . Retrieved from http://media.guardian.co.uk/city/story/0,7497,943439,00.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wasko , J. ( 2001 ) . Understanding Disney: The Manufacture of Fantasy . Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Wellstone , P. ( 2000 ). Growing Media Consolidation Must be Examined to Preserve Our Democracy . Federal Communications Law Journal , 52 , 551 – 554 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitelaw , K. ( 1996 ). Reporting Live: Fox Takes on CNN , U.S. News & World Report , 121 ( 14 ), 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar