References
- See Carlos Garcia Bedoya, Politica exterior peruana: Teoria y prdctica(Lima: Mosca Azul Editores, 1981); Helan Jaworski, “Peru: The Military Government’s Foreign Policy in its Two Phases,” in Heraldo Mudioz and Joseph Tulchin, eds., Latin American Nations in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984).
- Paul Sigmund, Multinationals in Latin America: The Politics of Nationalism (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1980), p.180.
- See, for instance, Alfred Stepan, Peru: The State in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); also, E.V.K. FitzGerald, The State and Economic Development in Peru since 1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
- See Shane Hunt, “Direct Foreign Investment in Peru: New Rules for an Old Game,” in Abraham Lowenthal, ed., The Peruvian Experiment: Continuity and Change under Military Rule (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).
- For more on the nationalizations, see John E. Huerta, “Peruvian Nationalization and the Peruvian-American Compensation Agreements,” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol.10, no. (Spring 1977).
- See Charles Goodsell, American Corporations and Peruvian Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); also, Stanley Rose, The Peruvian Revolution’s Approach: Investment Climate and Policy 1968-1980 (Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein & Co., 1981).
- Edward S. Milenski, “Peru’s Diplomatic Offensive: Solidarity for Latin American Independence,” in Ronald G. Hellman and H. Jon Rosenbaum, eds., Latin America: The Search for a New International Role (New York: Sage Publications, 1975).
- See Leon Goure and Morris Rothenberg, “Latin America,” in Kurt London, ed., The Soviet Union in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980).
- See Elizabeth Walkenier, The Soviet Union and the Third World: An Economic Bind (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985).
- See, for example, Robert K. Evanson, “Soviet Political Uses of Trade with Latin America,” Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, Vol.17, no.2 (Summer 1985), p.104.
- Sandra Woy-Hazleton, “Peru,” in 1985 Yearbook of Communist International Affairs (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution, 1985).
- FBIS-LAM, April 28 and July 1, 1980.
- See Luigi Einaudi, “Peruvian Military Relations with the United States,” in D. Sharp, ed., U.S. Foreign Policy in Peru (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970).
- Alberto Andriazen, “Estados Unidos frente al proceso peruano, Cuadernos de Marcha (Mexico), November-December 1979.
- U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1971–1980 (Washington, D.C.: ACDA, 1983), p.12.
- There are frequent major discrepancies between three main sources: the Peruvian government; the Stockholm Intemational Peace Research Institute (SIPRI); and ACDA. Thus, SIPRI puts Peru’s arms imports between 1975–1979 at 20% of the Latin American total-up from 14% in the preceding five year period; ACDA claims 24% from 1974–1978. For the same periods, SIPRI claims the Soviet Union supplied 41% of all Peru’s arms imports; ACDA puts the figure at 65%. ACDA estimates that total Peruvian arms supplies from the Soviet Union by 1980 had reached $900 million. See ACDA, World Military Expenditures, p.162; SIPRI Yearbook 1980, p. 115 .
- See ACDA, World Military Expenditures, p.162 ; SIPRI Yearbook 1980, p. 115 .
- See Aldo Vacs, Discreet Partners: Argentina and the USSR since 1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984).
- See Jos6 Encinas del Pando, “The Role of Military Expenditure in the Development Process. Peru: A Case Study, 1950–1980,” Ibero Americana: Nordic Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.XII, nos.1–2 (1983).
- Laura Madalengoita, “Peru-Estados Unidos 1980–1985: Busqueda y frustraciones de una relaci6n preferencial,” Cono Sur (Santiago, Chile: FLACSO), October 1985.
- Ibid.
- See Jennie K. Lincoln, “Peruvian Foreign Policy since the Return to Democratic Rule,” in Jennie K. Lincoln and Elizabeth G. Ferries, eds., The Dynamics of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges for the 1980s (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984).
- IMF Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1985 (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1985), pp. 321–322.
- Latin America Weekly Report, January 25, 1985; Latin America Regional Report: Andean Group, October 5, 1984.
- The Washington Post, July 27, 1984.
- UN General Assembly, “Provisional Record of the Fifth Meeting,” September 23, 1985.
- Miami Herald, July 28, 1985.
- UN General Assembly, “Provisional Record."
- Ibid.
- For an English-language summary of his thought, see Robert J. Alexander, Aprismo The Ideas and Doctrine of Victor Rail Haya de la Torre (Kent, OH: Kent State University, 1973).
- See The New York Times, December 13, 1985; The Washington Post, December 31, 1985.
- See, for example, The Heritage Foundation, “Peru’s Fledgling Democracy Needs U.S. Help,” Backgrounder, no.446, July 23, 1985; also Laura Ingraham and William W. Pascoe, “Peru: The Next American Trouble Spot,” West Watch (Washington, D.C.: Council for Inter-American Security), Vol.VIII, no.4 (August 1985).
- “Peru’s New Policies Short on Specifics as MNCs Wait it out,” Business Latin America, August 28, 1985.
- The American Banker, March 18, 1986.
- SIPRI Yearbook 1984, pp. 253–254; see also George Black and Robert Matthews, “Sandinistas’ No-Win Choice: Arms from the USSR-or from Nobody,” The Nation, August 31, 1985.
- Woy-Hazleton, “Peru."
- Financial Times, February 18, 1986.
- On the rescheduling of the Soviet debt, see The Andean Report, June 1984 and May 1985; also The Washington Post, August 26, 1985; Woy-Hazleton, “Peru.”
- Caretas (Lima), March 31, 1986.