- Britton, G. (1995) "Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function", FASEB J. 9, 1551-1558.
- Khachik, F., Spangler, CJ. and Smith, J.C. (1997) "Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum", Anal. Chem. 69, 1873-1881.
- Khachik, E, Beecher, G.R. and Whittaker, N.F. (1986) "Separation, identification, and quantification of the major carotenoid and chlorophyll constituents in extracts of several green vegetables by liquid chromatography", J. Agric. Food Chem. 34, 603-616.
- Francis, F.J. (2000) "Carotenoids as food colorants", Cereal Foods World 45, 198-203.
- Mayne, S.T. (1996) "Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans", EASES J. 10, 690-701.
- Christen, W.G., Buring, J.E., Manson, J.E. and Hennekens, C.H. (1999) "Beta-carotene supplementation: a good thing, a bad thing, or nothing?", Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 10, 29-33.
- Pryor, W.A., Stahl, W. and Rock, C.L. (2000) "Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials", Nutr. Rev. 58, 39-53.
- Sharoni, Y. and Levy, J. (1996) "Anticarcinogenic properties of lycopene", In: Kumpulainen, J.T. and Salonen, J.T., eds, Natural Antioxidants and Food Quality in Atherosclerosis and Cancer Prevention (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge), pp 378-385.
- Carpenter, K.L.H., Hardwick, S.J., Albarani, V. and Mitchinson, M.J. (1999) "Carotenoids inhibit DNA synthesis in human aortic smooth muscle cells", FEBS Lett. 447, 17-20.
- Bertram, J.S., Pung, A., Churley, M., Kappock, IV, T.J., Wilkins, L.R. and Cooney, R.V. (1991) "Diverse carotenoids protect against chemically induced neoplastic transformation", Carcinogenesis 12, 671-678.
- Bertram, J.S. (1999) "Carotenoids and gene regulation", Nutr.Rev. 57, 182-191.
- Means, A.L. and Gudas, L.J. (1995) "The roles of retinoids in vertebrate development", Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 201-233.
- Bendich, A. (1989) "Carotenoids and the immune response", J. Nutr. 119, 112-115.
- Rogers, M.B. (1997) "Life-and-death decisions influenced by retinoids", Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 35, 1-46.
- Palace, V.P., Khaper, N., Qin, G. and Singal, P.K. (1999) "Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease", Free Radie. Biol. Med. 26, 746-761.
- Palozza, P. (1998) "Prooxidant actions of carotenoids in biologic systems", Nutr. Rev. 56, 257-265.
- Edge, R., McGarvey, D.J. and Truscott, T.G. (1997) "The carotenoids as anti-oxidants-a review", J. Photochem. PhotobioI. 41B, 189-200.
- Young, A.J. and Löwe, G.M. (2001) "Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385, 20-27.
- Wyllie, A.H., Kerr, J.F.R. and Currie, A.C. (1980) "Cell death: the significance of apoptosis", Int. Rev. Cytol. 68, 251-305.
- Kaufmann, S.H. and Gores, G.J. (2000) "Apoptosis in cancer: cause and cure", BioEssays 22, 1007-1017.
- Hegyi, L., Hardwick, S.J., Siow, R.C.M. and Skepper, J.N. (2001) "Macrophage death and the role of apoptosis in human atherosclerosis", J. Hematotherapy Stem Cell Res. 10, 27-42.
- Granville, DJ., Carthy, C.M., Hunt, D.W.C. and McManus, B.M. (1998) "Apoptosis: Molecular aspects of cell death and disease", Lab. Investig. 78, 893-913.
- Handelman, GJ., Van Kujik, F.J.G.M., Chatterjee, A. and Krinsky, N.I. (1991) "Characterization of products formed during the autoxidation of ß-carotene", Free Radie. Biol. Med. 10, 427-437.
- Henry, L.K., Puspitasari-Nienaber, N.L., Jarén-Galân, M., van Breemen, R.B., Catignani, G.L. and Schwartz, S.J. (2000) "Effects of ozone and oxygen on the degradation of carotenoids in an aqueous model system", J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 5008-5013.
- Hu, X., White, K.M., Jacobsen, N.E., Mangelsdorf, D.J. and Canfield, L.M. (1998) "Inhibition of growth and cholesterol synthesis in breast cancer cells by oxidation products of ß-carotene", J. Nutr. Biochem. 9, 567-574.
- Wang, X.D. and Russell, R.M. (1999) "Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of beta-carotene", Nutr. Rev. 57, 263-272.
- Ormerod, M.G. (1990) "Analysis of DNA", In: Ormerod, M.G., ed, Flow Cytometry: A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford), P 75.
- Laemmli, U.K. (1970) "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4", Nature 227, 680-685.
- Hardwick, S.J., Hegyi, L., Clare, K., Law, N.S., Carpenter, K.L.H., Mitchinson, MJ. and Skepper, J.N. (1996) "Apoptosis in human monocyte-macrophages exposed to oxidised low density lipoprotein", J. Pathol. 179, 294-302.
- Long, L.H., Clement, M.V. and Halliwell, B. (2000) "Artifacts in cell culture: rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide on addition of (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-catecin, and quercetin to commonly used cell culture media", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 50-53.
- Clement, M.V., Ramalingam, J., Long, L.H. and Halliwell, B. (2001) "The in vitro cytotoxicity of ascorbate depends on the culture medium used to perform the assay and involves hydrogen peroxide", Antioxid. Redox Signaling 3, 157-163.
- Sakahira, H., Enari, M., Ohsawa, Y, Uchiyama, Y. and Nagata, S. (1999) "Apoptotic nuclear morphological change without DNA fragmentation", Curr. Biol. 9, 543-546.
- Susin, S.A., Daugas, E., Ravagnan, L., Samejima, K., Zamzami, N., Loeffler, M., Costantini, P., Ferri, K.F., Irinopoulou, T., Prévost, M.-C, Brothers, G., Mak, T.W., Penninger, J., Earnshaw, W.C. and Kroemer, G. (2000) "Two distinct pathways leading to nuclear apoptosis", J. Exp. Med. 192, 571-579.
- Mayne, S.T., Cartmel, B., Suva, F, Kirn, C.S., Fallon, B.G., Briskin, K., Zheng, T, Baum, M., Shor-Posner, G. and Goodwin, Jr, W.J. (1999) "Plasma lycopene concentrations in humans are determined by lycopene intake, plasma cholesterol concentrations and selected demographic factors", J. Nutr. 129, 849-854.
- De Waart, E.G., Schouten, E.G., Stalenhoef, A.F.H. and Kok, FJ. (2001) "Serum carotenoids a-tocopherol and mortality risk in a prospective study among Dutch elderly", Int. J Epidemiol. 30, 136-143.
- Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Southon, S., Wright, A.J.A., Blanco, I., Gil-Martinez, E., van den Berg, H., Corridan, B., Roussel, A.-M., Chopra, M. and Thurnham, D.I. (2001) "Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A E, and C in control subjects from five European countries", Br. J. Nutr. 85, 227-238.
- Broekmans, W.M.R., Klöpping-Ketelaars, I.A.A., Schuurman, C.R.W.C., Verhagen, H., van den Berg, H., Kok, F.J. and van Poppel, G. (2001) "Fruits and vegetables increase plasma carotenoids and vitamins and decrease homocysteine in humans", J. Nutr. 130, 1578-1583.
- The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group(1994) "Effect of vitamin-E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung-cancer and other cancers in male smokers", N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1029-1035.
- Meydani, M., Martin, A., Ribayaercado, J.D., Gong, J.X., Blumberg, J.B. and Rusell, R.M. (1994) "Beta-carotene supplementation increases antioxidant capacity of plasma in older women", J. Nutr. 124, 2397-2403.
- Bendich, A. and Oison, J.A. (1989) "Biological activities of carotenoids", FASEB J. 3, 1927-1932.
- Schmitz, H.H., Poor, C.L., Gugger, E.T. and Erdman, Jr., J.W. (1993) "Analysis of carotenoids in human and animal tissues", Methods Enzymol. 214, 102-116.
- Halliwell, B., Zhao, K. and Whiteman, M. (2000) "The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action?", Free Radie. Res. 33, 819-830.
- Iftikhar, S., Lietz, H., Mobarhan, S. and Frommel, TO. (1996) "In vitro beta-carotene toxicity for human colon cancer cells", Nutr. Cancer 25, 221-230.
- Palozza, P., Calviello, G., Serini, S., Maggiano, N., Lanza, P., Ranelletti, F.O. and Bartoli, G.M. (2001) "ß-Carotene at high concentrations induces apoptosis by enhancing oxy-radical production in human adenocarcinoma cells", Free Radie. Biol. Med. 30, 1000-1007.
- Muto, Y, Fujii, J., Shidoji, Y, Moriwaki, H., Kawaguchi, T. and Noda, T. (1995) "Growth-retardation in human cervical dysplasia-derived cell lines by beta-carotene through downregulation of epidermal growth-factor receptor", Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, S1535-S1540.
- Palozza, P., Maggiano, N., Calviello, G., Lanza, P., Piccioni, E., Ranelletti, EO. and Bartoli, G.M. (1998) "Canthaxanthin induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines", Carcinogenesis 19, 373-376.
- Sumantran, V.N., Zhang, R., Lee, D.S. and Wicha, M.S. (2000) "Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid", Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 9, 257-263.
- Müller, K., Carpenter, K.L.H., Freeman, M.A. and Mitchinson, MJ. (1999) "Antioxidant BO-653 and human macrophagemediated LDL oxidation", free Radie. Res. 30, 59-71.
- Napoli, J.L. (2000) "Retinoic acid: its biosynthesis and metabolism", Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. MoI. Biol. 63, 139-188.
- Rogers, M.B. (1997) "Life-and-death decisions influenced by retinoids", Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 35, 1-46.
- Konta, T., Xu, Q., Furusu, A., Nakayama, K. and Kitamura, M. (2001) "Selective roles of retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor in the suppression of apoptosis by all-trans-retinoic acid", J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12697-12701.
- Zhang, D., Holmes, W.F., Wu, S., Soprano, D.R. and Soprano, K.J. (2000) "Retinoids and ovarian cancer", J. Cell. Physiol. 185, 1-20.
- Hansen, L.A., Sigman, C.C., Andreola, F., Ross, S.A., Kelloff, GJ. and De Luca, L.M. (2000) "Retinoids in chemoprevention and differentiation therapy", Carcinogenesis Zl, 1271-1279.
- Giovannucci, E., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E.B., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A. and Willett, W.C. (1995) "Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to the risk of prostate cancer", J. Natl Cancer Inst. 87, 1767-1776.
- Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y, Hasebe, M., Ito, M., Aizawa, R., Murakoshi, M., Uemura, S., Khachik, E and Nishino, H. (1996) "Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids a carotene, ßcarotene, lycopene and lutein on colonie aberrant crypt foci formation in rats", Cancer Lett. 107, 137-142.
- Nikawa, T., Schulz, W.A., van den Brink, C.E., Hanusch, M., van der Saag, P., Stahl, W. and Sies, H. (1995) "Efficacy of alltrans-b-carotene, canthaxanthin, and all-tnms-, 9-cis and 4-oxoretinoic acids in inducing differentiation of an F9 embryonal carcinoma RARß-lacZ receptor cell line", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316, 665-672.
- Hanusch, M., Stahl, W., Schulz, W.A. and Sies, H. (1995) "Induction of gap junctional communication by 4-oxoretinoic acid generated from its precursor canthaxanthin", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317, 423-428.
- Kim, S.-J., Nara, E., Kobayashi, H., Terao, J. and Nagao, A. (2001) "Formation of cleavage products by autoxidation of lycopene", Lipids 36, 191-199.
- Stahl, W., von Laar, J., Martin, H.-D., Emmerich, T. and Sies, H. (2000) "Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 373, 271-274.
- Jänne, P.A. and Mayer, R.J. (2000) "Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer", N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1960-1968.
- Madaan, S., Abel, P.D., Chaudhary, K.S., Stamp, G.W.H. and Lalani, E.N. (2000) "Over-expression of COX-2 in human prostate cancer", J. Pathol. 190, 44A.
- Subbaramaiah, K., Telang, N., Ramonetti, J.T., Araki, R., DeVito, B., Weksler, B.B. and Dannenberg, A.J. (1996) "Transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 is enhanced in transformed mammary epithelial cells", Cancer Res. 56, 4424-4429.
- Chan, T.A., Morin, P.J., Vogelstein, B. and Kinzler, K.W. (1998) "Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 681-686.
- Yao, R., Rioux, N., Castonguay, A. and You, M. (2000) "Inhibition of COX-2 and induction of apoptosis: two determinants of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs' chemopreventive efficacies in mouse lung tumorigenesis", Exp. Lung Res. 26, 731-742.
- Mestre, J.R., Subbaramaiah, K., Sacks, P.G., Schantz, S.P., Tanabe, T., Inoue, H. and Dannenberg, A.J. (1997) "Retinoids suppress phorbol ester-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2", Cancer Res. 57, 1081-1085.
- Mestre, J.R., Subbaramaiah, K., Sacks, EG., Schantz, S.P., Tananbe, T., Inoue, H. and Dannenberg, A.J. (1997) "Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells", Cancer Res. 57, 2890-2895.
- Cacciola, S.A., Cohen, L.A. and Kashfi, K. (1999) "Lycopene inhibits proliferation and regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in neoplastic rat mammary epithelial cells", EASES J. 13, A551.
- Pablos, J., Santiago, B., Carreira, P.E., Galindo, M. and GomezReino, JJ. (1999) "Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 are expressed in human T cells", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 115, 86-90.
- Matos, H.R., Di Mascio, P. and Mederos, M.H.G. (2000) "Protective effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in cell culture", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 383, 56-59.
- Lowe, G.M., Booth, L.A., Young, A.J. and Bilton, R.F. (1999) "Lycopene and ß-carotene protect against oxidative damage in HT29 cells at low concentrations but rapidly lose this capacity at higher doses", Free Radie. Res. 30, 141-151.
- Yeh, S.L. and Hu, M.L. (2001) "Induction of oxidative DNA damage in human foreskin fibroblast Hs68 cells by oxidised ß-carotene and lycopene", Free Radie. Res. 35, 203-213.
- Stivala, L.A., Savio, M., Quarta, S., Scotti, C., Cazzalini, O., Rossi, L., Scovassi, I.A., Pizzala, R., Melli, R., Bianchi, L., Vannini, V. and Prosperi, E. (2000) "The antiproliferative effect of ß-carotene requires p21 """/0P1 jn normal human fibroblasts", Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 2290-2296.
- Nahum, A., Hirsch, K., Danilenko, M., Watts, C.K.W., Prall, O.W.J., Levy, J. and Sharoni, Y. (2001) "Lycopene inhibition of cell cycle progression in breast and endometrial cancer cells is associated with reduction in cylin D levels and retention of p27klpl in the cyclin E-cdk2 complexes", Oncogene 20, 3428-3436.
- Liebermann, D.A., Hoffman, B. and Steinman, R.A. (1995) "Molecular controls of growth arrest and apoptosis: p53-dependent and independent pathways", Oncogene 11, 199-210.
- Salgo, M.G., Cueto, R., Winston, G.W. and Pryor, WA. (1999) "Beta carotene and its oxidation products have different effects on microsome mediated binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA", Free Radie. Biol. Med. 26, 162-173.
- Paolini, M., Cantelli-Forti, G., Perocco, P., Pedulli, G.F., AbdelRahman, S.Z. and Legator, M.S. (1999) "Co-carcinogenic effect of ß-carotene", Nature 398, 760-761.
Carotenoids Induce Apoptosis in the T-lymphoblast Cell Line Jurkat E6.1
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.