Dietary intake of carotenoids and retinol and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italy

References

• Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 669: 249–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witztum JL, Reaven PD, Parthasarathy S. Studies on the ability of dietary supplementation with beta-carotene to protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidative modification. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 691: 200–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allard JP, Royall D, Kurian R, Muggli R, Jeejeebhoy KN. Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on lipid peroxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 884–890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardinaal AFM, Kok FJ, Ringstad J, Gomez-Aracena J, Mazaev VP, Kohlmeier L, Martin BC, Aro A, Kark JD, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Riemersma RA, van't Veer P, Huttunen JK, Martin-Moreno JM. Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: The EURAMIC Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1379–1384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Free radicals and vascular disease: How much do we know?. Br Med J 1993; 307: 885–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Beta-Carotene and risk of coronary heart disease. A review of observational and intervention studies. Biomed Pharmacother 1999; 53: 409–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Albanes D, Huttunen JK. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 668–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I-M, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta-Carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 2102–2106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Nierenberg DW, Stevens MM, Mandel JS, Haile RW. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. J Am Med Ass 1996; 275: 699–703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1145–1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150–1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S, The SU.VI. MAX study: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2335–2342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornwall ME, Virtamo J, Korhonen PA, Virtanen MJ, Taylor PR, Albanes D, Huttunen JK. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease during the 6-year post-trial follow-up in the ATBC study. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1171–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, O'Reilly EJ, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, Hallmans G, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: A pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1508–1520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Willett W, Ma J. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation 2003; 108: 802–807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi S, Barbone F, Negri E, Decarli A, Ferraroni M, Filiberti R, Giacosa A, Gnagnarella P, Nanni O, Salvini S, La Vecchia C. Reproducibility of an Italian food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies. Results for specific nutrients. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5: 69–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decarli A, Franceschi S, Ferraroni M, Gnagnarella P, Parpinel MT, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Salvini S, Falcini F, Giacosa A. Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intakes in cancer studies in Italy. Results for specific nutrients. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6: 110–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Negri E, Bertuzzi M, La Vecchia C. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 2269–2272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tavani A, Spertini L, Bosetti C, Parpinel MT, Gnagnarella P, Bravi F, Peterson J, Dwyer J, Lagiou P, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Intake of specific flavonoids and risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Public Health Nutr 2006, in press
   Google Scholar
• WHO Ischemic Heart Disease Registers. Report of the fifth working group. WHO, World Health Organization, Copenhagen 1971
   Google Scholar
• Salvini S, Parpinel M, Gnagnarella P, Maisonneuve P, Turrini A. Banca Dati di Composizione degli Alimenti per Studi Epidemiologici in Italia. European Institute of Oncology, Milano 1998
   Google Scholar
• Gnagnarella P, Parpinel M, Salvini S, Franceschi S, Palli D, Boyle P. The update of the Italian food composition database. J Food Compos Anal 2004; 17: 509–522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield H, Southgate DA. Food composition data. production, management and use. Elsevier Applied Sci. 1992
   Google Scholar
• Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. I, The analysis of case-control studies. IARC Sci Publs no. 32, IARC, Lyon 1980
   Google Scholar
• Morris DL, Kritchevsky SB, Davis CE. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. J Am Med Ass 1994; 272: 1439–1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Willett WC. Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1390–1399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmeier L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, Martin BC, Steck SE, Kardinaal AF, Ringstad J, Thamm M, Masaev V, Riemersma R, Martin-Moreno JM, Huttunen JK, Kok FJ. Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 618–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesso HD, Buring JE, Norkus EP, Gaziano JM. Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 990–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street DA, Comstock GW, Salkeld RM, Schuep W, Klag MJ. Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction?. Circulation 1994; 90: 1154–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipstein-Grobusch K, Geleijnse JM, den Breeijen JH, Boeing H, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC. Dietary antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 261–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesso HD, Buring JE, Norkus EP, Gaziano JM. Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Sivenius J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 2001; 85: 749–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favero A, Salvini S, Russo A, Parpinel MT, Negri E, Decarli A, La Vecchia C, Giacosa A, Franceschi S. Sources of macro- and micronutrients in Italian women: Results from a food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997; 6: 277–287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tavani A, Bosetti C, Negri E, Augustin LS, Jenkins DJA, La Vecchia C. Carbohydrates, dietary glycemic load and glycemic index, and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2003; 89: 722–726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar