Effects of L-citrulline oral supplementation on polymorphonuclear neutrophils oxidative burst and nitric oxide production after exercise

References

• Weissman BA, Gross SS. Measurement of NO and NO synthase. Curr Protoc Neurosci 2001; 7: 7–13
   Google Scholar
• Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem 1994; 63: 175–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronte V, Serafini P, Mazzoni A, Segal DM, Zanovello P. L-arginine metabolism in myeloid cells controls T-lymphocyte functions. Trends Immunol 2003; 24: 302–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Y, Roman LJ, Masters BS, Zweier JL. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase generates superoxide from the reductase domain. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 22635–22639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cynober LA. Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition 2002; 18: 761–766
   Google Scholar
• Wu G, Morris SM, Jr. Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J 1998; 336: 1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C. L-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: An alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis?. Int J Cardiol 2007; 116: 300–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris SM, Jr. Enzymes of arginine metabolism. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2743S–2747S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C, Osowska S, Zerrouk N, Benazeth S, Cynober LA. Almost all about citrulline in mamgmals. Amino Acids 2005; 29: 177–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh WH, Daeschner CW, Files BA, McConnell ME, Strandjord SE. Oral citrulline as arginine precursor may be beneficial in sickle cell disease: early phase two results. J Natl Med Assoc 2001; 93: 363–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1981; 241: E473–E480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomonson LP, Flam BR, Pendleton LC, Goodwin BL, Eichler DC. The caveolar nitric oxide synthase/arginine regeneration system for NO production in endothelial cells. J Exp Biol 2003; 206: 2083–2087
   Google Scholar
• Hickner RC, Tanner CJ, Evans CA, Kagan VE. L-citrulline reduces time to exhaustion and insulin response to a graded exercise test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 660–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight JA. Free radicals, antioxidants, and the immune system. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2000; 30: 145–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Dikshit M. Modulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes function by nitric oxide. Thromb Res 2000; 100: 223–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans TJ, Buttery LDK, Carpenter A, Springall DR, Polak JM, Cohen J. Cytokine-treated human neutrophils contain inducible nitric oxide synthase that produces nitration of ingested bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 93: 9553–9558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawista SE, Montgomery RR, van Blaricom G. Evidence for reactive nitrogen intermediates in killing of staphylococci by human neutrophil cytoplasts. A new microbicidal pathway for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 631–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai K, Hsu TG, Hsu KM, Cheng H, Liu TY, Hsu CF, Kong CW. Oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes induced by massive aerobic exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 1465–1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Vina J. Exercise and hormesis: activation of cellular antioxidant signaling pathway. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006; 1067: 425–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cases N, Sureda A, Maestre I, Tauler P, Aguilo A, Cordova A, Roche E, Tur JA, Pons A. Response of antioxidant defences to oxidative stress induced by prolonged exercise: antioxidant enzyme gene expression in lymphocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 98: 263–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clanton TL. Hypoxia induced reactive oxygen formation in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 2379–2388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman DC. Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 128–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters EM. Exercise, immunology and upper respiratory tract infections. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18(Suppl 1)S69–S77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon SC, Blumberg JB. Acute phase immune responses in exercise. Handbook of oxidants and antioxidants in exercise, CK Sen, L Packer, O Hänninen. Elsevier Science B.V, Amsterdam 2000; 177–194
   Google Scholar
• Moinard C, Caldefie F, Walrand S, Tridon A, Chassagne J, Vasson MP, Cynober L. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002; 102: 287–295
   Google Scholar
• Moinard C, Caldefie-Chezet F, Walrand S, Vasson MP, Cynober L. Br. J Nutr 2002; 88: 689–695
   Google Scholar
• Metcoff J. Intracellular amino acid levels as predictors of protein synthesis. J Am Coll Nutr 1986; 5: 107–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladwin MT, Crawford JH, Patel RP. The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite, and hemoglobin: role in blood flow regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36: 707–717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H, Jensen M, Toft AD, Hansen H, Ostrowski K. Exercise and the immune system–influence of nutrition and ageing. J Sci Med Sport 1999; 2: 234–252
   Google Scholar
• Sureda A, Tauler P, Aguilo A, Fuentespina E, Cordova A, Tur JA, Pons A. Blood cell NO synthesis in response to exercise. Nitric Oxide 2006; 15: 5–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyum A. Separation of white blood cells. Nature 1964; 204: 793–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szasz G, Gruber W, Bernt E. Creatine kinase in serum: 1. Determination of optimum reaction conditions. Clin Chem 1976; 22: 650–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committe on Enzymes. The Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology. Scand. J Clin Lab Invest 1974;33:291–306.
   Google Scholar
• Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, Jung D, Lukacs Z, Jambrecina A, Spickler W, Schulze F, Böger RH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 65: 51–59
   Google Scholar
• Mori M. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis and apoptosis by arginase and arginine recycling. J Nutr 2007; 137: 1616–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidball JG. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288: R345–R353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croisier JL, Camus G, Deby-Dupont G, Bertrand F, Lhermerout C, Crielaard JM, Juchmès-Ferir A, Deby C, Albert A, Lamy M. Myocellular enzyme leakage, polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation and delayed onset muscle soreness induced by isokinetic eccentric exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem 1996; 104: 322–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorichter S, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Skeletal muscle injury induced by eccentric muscle action: muscle proteins as markers of muscle fiber injury. Exerc Immunol Rev 1999; 5: 5–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peake JM, Suzuki K, Wilson G, Hordern M, Nosaka K, Mackinnon L, Coombes JS. Exercise-induced muscle damage, plasma cytokines, and markers of neutrophil activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 737–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Kudoh S, Liu Q, Sugawara K, Yamaya K, Sato K. Endurance exercise causes interaction among stress hormones, cytokines, neutrophil dynamics, and muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1360–1367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans WJ. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 647S–652S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer MD, Sureda A, Batle JM, Romaguera D, Tauler P, Tur JA, Pons A. Scuba diving enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Free Radic Res 2007; 41: 274–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knez WL, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS. Oxidative stress in half and full ironman triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 283–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt EH, Reznick AZ, Viguie CA, Starke-Reed P, Packer L. Exercise, oxidative damage and effects of antioxidant manipulation. J Nutr 1992; 122: 766–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini R, Patel S, Saluja R, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Singh MP, Habib S, Bajpai VK, Dikshit M. Nitric oxide synthase localization in the rat neutrophils: immunocytochemical, molecular, and biochemical studies. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79: 519–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffat FL, Jr, Han T, Li ZM, Peck MD, Jy W, Ahn YS, Chu AJ, Bourguignon LY. Supplemental L-arginine HCl augments bacterial phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Cell Physiol 1996; 168: 26–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslan M, Canatan D. Modulation of redox pathways in neutrophils from sickle cell disease patients. Exp Hematol 2008; 36: 1535–1544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov VI, Pryatkin SA, Kalinski MI, Rogozkin VA. Effect of exercise to exhaustion on myeloperoxidase and lysozyme release from blood neutrophils. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 257–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaovisidha P, Peeples ME, Brees AA, Carpenter LR, Moy JN. Respiratory syncytial virus stimulates neutrophil degranulation and chemokine release. J Immunol 1999; 163: 2816–2820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef J, Visser MR. Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing: normal function and microbial evasion. The Neutrophil, JS Abramson, JG Wheeler. Oxford University Press, New York 1993; 109–137
   Google Scholar
• Davison G, Gleeson M. Influence of acute vitamin C and/or carbohydrate ingestion on hormonal, cytokine, and immune responses to prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005; 15: 465–479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TL, Gleeson M. The effects of carbohydrate supplementation during the second of two prolonged cycling bouts on immunoendocrine responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95: 391–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Bishop NC, Robson PJ, Gleeson M. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on human neutrophil lipopolysaccharide-stimulated degranulation following prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000; 10: 39–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sureda A, Tauler P, Aguiló A, Cases N, Llompart I, Tur JA, Pons A. Antioxidant supplementation influences the neutrophil tocopherol associated protein expression, but not the inflammatory response to exercise. Central European Journal of Biology 2007; 2: 56–70
   Google Scholar
• Peake JM. Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity: possible mechanisms of action. Exerc Immunol Rev 2002; 8: 49–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Immunological responses to overreaching in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 854–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M. Immune system adaptation in elite athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9: 659–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne DB. Regulation of neutrophil function during exercise. Sports Med 1994; 17: 245–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson PJ, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Castell LM, Gleeson M. Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. J Sports Med 1999; 20: 128–135
   Google Scholar
• Liu TH, Wu CL, Chiang CW, Lo YW, Tseng HF, Chang CK. No effect of short-term arginine supplementation on nitric oxide production, metabolism and performance in intermittent exercise in athletes. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20: 462–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar