Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation: an update

References

• Ball J, Carrington MJ, McMurray JJV, et al. Atrial fibrillation: profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:1807–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman F, Kwan GF, Benjamin EJ. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:639–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staerk L, Sherer JA, Ko D, et al. Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes. Circ Res. 2017;120:1501–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattel S, Harada M. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: recent advances and translational perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2335–2345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijman J, Algalarrondo V, Voigt N, et al. The value of basic research insights into atrial fibrillation mechanisms as a guide to therapeutic innovation: a critical analysis. Cardiovasc Res. 2016;109:467–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schotten U, Dobrev D, Platonov PG, et al. Current controversies in determining the main mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med. 2016;279:428–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattel S, Dobrev D. Controversies about atrial fibrillation mechanisms: aiming for order in chaos and whether it matters. Circ Res. 2017;120:1396–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Galaris D, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115:135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi S, Sovari AA, Dudley SC. Jr. Atrial fibrillation: the emerging role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Chddt. 2010;10:262–268.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez A, Van Wagoner DR. Oxidant and Inflammatory Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy in atrial fibrillation: an update. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;66:523–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolke C, Bukowska A, Goette A, et al. Redox control of cardiac remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1850:1555–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Li G. Antioxidant therapies for the management of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2012;2:298–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sovari AA, Dudley SC. Jr. Reactive oxygen species-targeted therapeutic interventions for atrial fibrillation. Front Physiol. 2012;3:311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violi F, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, et al. Antioxidants for prevention of atrial fibrillation: a potentially useful future therapeutic approach? A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Europace. 2014;16:1107–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparova I, Kubatka P, Opatrilova R, et al. Perspectives and challenges of antioxidant therapy for atrial fibrillation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 2017;390:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Antonopoulos AS, Goliopoulou A, Oikonomou E, et al. Redox state in atrial fibrillation pathogenesis and relevant therapeutic approaches. Curr Med Chem. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170718130408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savelieva I, Kakouros N, Kourliouros A, et al. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. part I: Primary prevention. Europace. 2011;13:308–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelieva I, Kakouros N, Kourliouros A, et al. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. part II: Secondary prevention. Europace. 2011;13:610–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakeri R, Van Wagoner DR, Calkins H, et al. The burden of proof: the current state of atrial fibrillation prevention and treatment trials. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:763–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wagoner DR. Molecular basis of atrial fibrillation: a dream or a reality? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:667–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wagoner DR. Electrophysiological remodeling in human atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26:1572–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104:174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhalla NS, Temsah RM. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and cardiac oxidative stress: an emerging target for heart disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2001;5:205–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2001;89:E32–E38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes CA, Janssen PML, Ruehr ML, et al. Atrial glutathione content, calcium current, and contractility. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:28063–28073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corradi D, Callegari S, Manotti L, et al. Persistent lone atrial fibrillation: clinicopathologic study of 19 cases. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1250–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elahi MM, Flatman S, Matata BM. Tracing the origins of postoperative atrial fibrillation: the concept of oxidative stress-mediated myocardial injury phenomenon. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15:735–741.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakkar M, Ascione R, James AF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;154:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YM, Guzik TJ, Zhang YH, et al. A myocardial Nox2 containing NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to oxidative stress in human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2005;97:629–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YM, Kattach H, Ratnatunga C, et al. Association of atrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity with the development of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam O, Lavall D, Theobald K, et al. Rac1-induced connective tissue growth factor regulates connexin 43 and N-cadherin expression in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:469–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniades C, Demosthenous M, Reilly S, et al. Myocardial redox state predicts in-hospital clinical outcome after cardiac surgery effects of short-term pre-operative statin treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:60–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Youn JY, Kim AY, et al. NOX4-dependent hydrogen peroxide overproduction in human atrial fibrillation and HL-1 atrial cells: relationship to hypertension. Front Physio. 2012;3:140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangemi R, Celestini A, Calvieri C, et al. Different behaviour of NOX2 activation in patients with paroxysmal/persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2012;98:1063–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Shao Q, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Serum levels of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 are associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Biomed Rep. 2015;3:864–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley SC, Hoch NE, McCann LA, et al. Atrial fibrillation increases production of superoxide by the left atrium and left atrial appendage: role of the NADPH and xanthine oxidases. Circulation. 2005;112:1266–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly SN, Jayaram R, Nahar K, et al. Atrial sources of reactive oxygen species vary with the duration and substrate of atrial fibrillation: implications for the antiarrhythmic effect of statins. Circulation. 2011;124:1107–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie W, Santulli G, Reiken SR, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress promotes atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowska A, Schild L, Keilhoff G, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling in atrial tachyarrhythmia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008;233:558–574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedrichs K, Baldus S, Klinke A. Fibrosis in atrial fibrillation – role of reactive species and MPO. Front Physiol. 2012;203:214.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph V, Andrié RP, Rudolph TK, et al. Myeloperoxidase acts as a profibrotic mediator of atrial fibrillation. Nat Med. 2010;16:470–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson EJ, Efird JT, Davies SW, et al. Monoamine oxidase is a major determinant of redox balance in human atrial myocardium and is associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovari AA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of arrhythmia by oxidative stress. Cardiol Res Pract. 2016;2016:1.
   Google Scholar
• Purohit A, Rokita AG, Guan X, et al. Oxidized Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II triggers atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2013;128:1748–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzeshka MS, Shahid F, Shantsila A, et al. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: an intimate association of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30:733–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzel T, Gori T, Keaney JF, et al. Pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in systolic and diastolic heart failure and its therapeutic implications. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2555–2564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam BS, Chavez-Moreno A, Koh W, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammation as central mediators of atrial fibrillation in obesity and diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CX, Ganesan AN, Selvanayagam JB. Epicardial fat and atrial fibrillation: current evidence, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:1294–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemann B, Rohrbach S, Miller MR, et al. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk: obesity, diabetes, smoking, and pollution: part 3 of a 3-part series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:230–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman RB, Bloom HL, Shukrullah I, et al. Oxidative stress markers are associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1652–1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia W, Qu X, Yu Y, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:1036–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leftheriotis DI, Fountoulaki KT, Flevari PG, et al. The predictive value of inflammatory and oxidative markers following the successful cardioversion of persistent lone atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2009;135:361–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimano M, Shibata R, Inden Y, et al. Reactive oxidative metabolites are associated with atrial conduction disturbance in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:935–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Solus J, Chen Q, et al. Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:438–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyama K, Yamabe H, Uemura T, et al. Analysis of oxidative stress expressed by urinary level of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and biopyrrin in atrial fibrillation: effect of sinus rhythm restoration. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S-b, Yang F, Jing L, et al. Myeloperoxidase and risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. J Investig Med. 2013;61:722–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi SI, Greener I, Anand A, et al. A circulating biomarker risk-prediction model correlates with CHADS-2 risk score in chronic atrial fibrillation. IJC Metab Endocr. 2015;6:24–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JHY, Marchioli R, Silletta MG, et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in the omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (OPERA) trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamsson Eryd S, Sjögren M, Smith JG, et al. Ceruloplasmin and atrial fibrillation: evidence of causality from a population-based Mendelian randomization study. J Intern Med. 2014;275:164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada A, Kashima Y, Tomita T, et al. Characterization of cardiac oxidative stress levels in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Vessels. 2016;31:80–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samman Tahhan A, Sandesara PB, Hayek SS, et al. Association between oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:1849–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letsas KP, Korantzopoulos P, Filippatos GS, et al. Uric acid elevation in atrial fibrillation. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2010;51:209–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Zhang X, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Uric acid levels and atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. Intern Med. 2011;50:799–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korantzopoulos P, Letsas KP, Liu T. Xanthine oxidase and uric acid in atrial fibrillation. Front Physio. 2012;243:150.
   Google Scholar
• Tamariz L, Hernandez F, Bush A, et al. Association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1102–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation recurrence following catheter ablation: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016;204:103–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular disease. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Blomhoff R, Jacobs DR. Jr. Is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress? Free Radic Res. 2004;38:535–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso A, Misialek JR, Amiin MA, et al. Circulating levels of liver enzymes and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. Heart. 2014;100:1511–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndrepepa G, Xhepa E, Colleran R, et al. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;465:17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S-R, Choi E-K, Han K-D, et al. Association between γ-glutamyltransferase level and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2017;245:149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uçar FM, Ýpek EG, Burak A, et al. Gamma-glutamyl transferase predicts recurrences of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Acta Cardiol. 2016;71: 205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bas HA, Aksoy F, Icli A, et al. The association of plasma oxidative status and inflammation with the development of atrial fibrillation in patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2017;77:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabus M, Demirbag R, Yildiz A, et al. Association of prolidase activity, oxidative parameters, and presence of atrial fibrillation in patients with mitral stenosis. Arch Med Res. 2008;39:519–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald C, Fraser J, Shekar K, et al. Low preoperative selenium is associated with post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients having intermediate-risk coronary artery surgery. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:1138–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro D, Franciosa P, Cangemi R, et al. Serum levels of vitamin E are associated with early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister R, Michels G, Brägelmann J, et al. Plasma vitamin C and risk of hospitalisation with diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:830–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51:1000–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol. 2005;102:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harling L, Rasoli S, Vecht JA, et al. Do antioxidant vitamins have an anti-arrhythmic effect following cardiac surgery? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2011;97:1636–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Mirhosseini SJ, Rezaeisadrabadi M, et al. Antioxidant supplementations for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an updated comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2014;18:646–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemilä H, Suonsyrjä T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17:49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo R. Prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: novel and safe strategy based on the modulation of the antioxidant system. Front Physiol. 2012;3:93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo R, Gutierrez R, Fernandez R, et al. Ageing improves the antioxidant response against postoperative atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo R, Korantzopoulos P, Cereceda M, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1457–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X-Y, Yan X-L, Chen Y-W, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for postoperative atrial fibrillation: alone or in combination with antioxidant vitamins?. Heart Lung Circ. 2014;23:743–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaydin M, Peker O, Erdogan D, et al. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:625–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaydin M, Icli A, Yucel H, et al. Metoprolol vs. carvedilol or carvedilol plus N-acetyl cysteine on post-operative atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:597–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaydin M, Peker O, Erdogan D, et al. Oxidative status, inflammation, and postoperative atrial fibrillation with metoprolol vs carvedilol or carvedilol plus N-acetyl cysteine treatment. Clin Cardiol. 2014;37:300–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu H, Li G, Liu C, et al. Probucol prevents atrial remodeling by inhibiting oxidative stress and TNF-α/NF-κB/TGF-β signal transduction pathway in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26:211–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu H, Li G, Liu C, et al. Probucol prevents atrial ion channel remodeling in an alloxan-induced diabetes rabbit model. Oncotarget. 2016;7:83850–83858.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shao Q, Korantzopoulos P, Fu H, et al. Effects of Probucol on left atrial remodeling in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2016;207:117–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakabe M, Fujiki A, Sakamoto T, et al. Xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents atrial fibrillation in a canine model of atrial pacing-induced left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:1130–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Yu S. Allopurinol and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the elderly: a study using Medicare data. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu J, Zhao J, Li J, et al. NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin prevents atrial remodeling in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:812–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavolli R, Kaya K, Aslan A, et al. Does sodium nitroprusside decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization?: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008;118:476–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolesta S, Aungst TD, Kong F. Effect of sodium nitroprusside on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:785–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn J-Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, et al. Oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation: an emerging role of NADPH oxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;62:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaugai S, Meng WY, Ali Sepehry A. Effects of RAAS blockers on atrial fibrillation prophylaxis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21:388–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2893–2962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima H, Kumagai K. Reverse-remodeling effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker in a canine atrial fibrillation model. Circ J. 2007;71:1977–1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamabe H, Kaikita K, Matsumura T, et al. Study on the Effect of irbesartan on atrial fibrillation Recurrence in Kumamoto: atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (SILK study). J Cardiol. 2018;71:129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayyas F, Alzoubi KH, Van Wagoner DR. Impact of aldosterone antagonists on the substrate for atrial fibrillation: aldosterone promotes oxidative stress and atrial structural/electrical remodeling. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:5135–5142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Shao Q, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Europace. 2016;18:672–678. [doi:10.1093/europace/euv366].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neefs J, van den Berg NWE, Limpens J, et al. Aldosterone pathway blockade to prevent atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;231:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinho-Gomes AC, Reilly S, Brandes RP, et al. Targeting inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation: role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase inhibition with statins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1268–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Li L, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Statin use and development of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126:160–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An JH, Shi FW, Liu S, et al. Preoperative statins as modifiers of cardiac and inflammatory outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017;25:958–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Li L, et al. Preventive effects of rosuvastatin on atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:3058–3060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan P, Dong P, Li Z, et al. Statin therapy decreased the recurrence frequency of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2753–2758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health benefits of the mediterranean diet: metabolic and molecular mechanisms. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73:318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli AV, Miloro C, Pennella S, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and intake of antioxidants influence spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23:115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Toledo E, Aros F, et al. Extravirgin olive oil consumption reduces risk of atrial fibrillation: the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial. Circulation. 2014;130:18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerale S, Lucas LJ, Keast RS. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic activities in extra virgin olive oil. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012;23:129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastori D, Carnevale R, Bartimoccia S, et al. Does mediterranean diet reduce cardiovascular events and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;23:682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanzo S, De Curtis A, di Niro V, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation and total dietary antioxidant capacity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: The Polyphemus Observational Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:1175–1182.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovari AA, Dudley SC. Antioxidant therapy for atrial fibrillation: lost in translation? Heart. 2012;98:1615–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovari AA, Bonini MG, Dudley SC. Effective antioxidant therapy for the management of arrhythmia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2011;9:797–800.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse G, Yan BP, Chan YWF, et al. Reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: the link with cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Front Physiol. 2016;7:313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar