Publication Cover
Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity
The Journal of Treatment & Prevention
Volume 26, 2019 - Issue 3-4
1,751
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Moderating Role of the Tendency to Blame Others in the Development of Perceived Addiction, Shame, and Depression in Pornography Users

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all

References

  • Adams, K. M., & Robinson, D. W. (2001). Shame reduction, affect regulation, and sexual boundary development: Essential building blocks of sexual addiction treatment. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 8(1), 23–44. doi:10.1080/10720160127559
  • Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.10.2.176
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Brand, M., Antons, S., Wegmann, E., & Potenza, M. N. (2018). Theoretical assumptions on pornography problems due to moral incongruence and mechanisms of addictive or compulsive use of pornography: Are the two “conditions” as theoretically distinct as suggested? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 417–423. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1293-5
  • Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 87(1), 43–52. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3483
  • Burke, A., Sowerbutts, S., Blundell, B., & Sherry, M. (2002). Child pornography and the Internet: Policing and treatment issues. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 9(1), 79–84. doi:10.1375/pplt.2002.9.1.79
  • Chaney, M. P., & Blalock, A. C. (2006). Boredom proneness, social connectedness, and sexual addiction among men who have sex with male internet users. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 26, 111–122. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1874.2006.tb00012.x
  • Cramer, P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6), 637–646. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.637
  • Cruwys, T., Haslam, A. S., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215–238. doi:10.1177/1088868314523839
  • Dorahy, M. J., & Clearwater, K. (2012). Shame and guilt in men exposed to childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(2), 155–175. doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.659803
  • Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4), 489–498. doi:10.1007/s10834-014-9391-6
  • Fletcher, T. D., & Nusbaum, D. N. (2008). Trait competitiveness as a composite variable: Linkages with facets of the big-five. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(4), 312–317. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.020
  • Gewirtz-Meydan, A., Walsh, W., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2018). The complex experience of child pornography survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 238–248. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.031
  • Gilliland, R., South, M., Carpenter, B. N., & Hardy, S. A. (2011). The roles of shame and guilt in hypersexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18(1), 12–29. doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.551182
  • Giner-Sorolla, R., Piazza, J., & Espinosa, P. (2011). What do the TOSCA guilt and shame scales really measure: Affect or action? Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 445–450. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.010
  • Gordon, A. M. (2018). How men experience sexual shame: The development and validation of the male sexual shame scale. The Journal of Men's Studies, 26(1), 105–123. doi:10.1177/1060826517728303
  • Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Leach, J. D., Hook, J. N., Grubbs, J., Exline, J. J., & Davis, D. E. (2016). Sexual congruence moderates the associations of hypersexual behavior with spiritual struggle and sexual self-concept. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2/3), 279–295. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1150924
  • Grov, C., Gillespie, B., Royce, T., & Lever, J. (2011). Perceived consequences of online sexual activities on heterosexual relationships: A U.S. online survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 429–439. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9598-z
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. D. (2015). Transgression as addiction: Religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 125–136. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Volk, F., & Lindberg, M. J. (2017). Internet pornography use, perceived addiction, and religious/spiritual struggles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1733–1745. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0772-9
  • Grubbs, J. B., Perry, S. L., Wilt, J. A., & Reid, R. C. (2018). Pornography problems due to moral incongruence: An integrative model with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 397–415. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x
  • Grubbs, J. B., Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Lindberg, M. J. (2015). Perceived addiction to internet pornography and psychological distress: Examining relationships concurrently and over time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(4), 1056–1067. doi:10.1037/adb0000114
  • Grubbs, J. B., Volk, F., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Internet pornography use: Perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 41(1), 83–106. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192
  • Grubbs, J. B., Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Kraus, S. W. (2018). Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to internet pornography: A longitudinal examination. Addiction, 113(3), 496–506. doi:10.1111/add.14007
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657
  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Ramos, M. J., Davis, D. E., Karaga, S., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Grubbs, J. (2015). Religiousness and congruence between sexual values and behavior. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 34(2), 179–188.
  • Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96. doi:10.1037/a0021466
  • Kohut, T., Balzarini, R. N., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2018). Pornography’s associations with open sexual communication and relationship closeness vary as a function of dyadic patterns of pornography use within heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 655–676. doi:10.1177/0265407517743096
  • Kohut, T., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2017). Perceived effects of pornography on the couple relationship: Initial findings of open-ended, participant-informed, “bottom-up” research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 585–602. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0783-6
  • Kraus, S. W., Martino, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Clinical characteristics of men interested in seeking treatment for use of pornography. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 169–178. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.036
  • Kyle, S. E. (2013). Identification and treatment of sexual shame: Development of a measurement tool and group therapy protocol (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). American Academy of Clinical Sexologists, San Antonio, TX.
  • Leeming, D., & Boyle, M. (2013). Managing shame: An interpersonal perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 140–160. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02061.x
  • LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Depression: A cognitive perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 69, 51–66. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.008
  • Levin, M. E., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). When is online pornography viewing problematic among college males? Examining the moderating role of experiential avoidance. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19(3), 168–180. doi:10.1080/1072062.2012.657150
  • Ley, D., Prause, N., & Finn, P. (2014). The emperor has no clothes: A review of the ‘pornography addiction’ model. Current Sexual Health Reports, 6(2), 94–105. doi:10.1007/s11930-014-0016-8
  • Lofgren-Martensen, L., & Mansson, S. (2010). Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of Swedish adolescents’ perceptions and experiences with pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 568–579. doi:10.1080/00224490903151374
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
  • Manning, J. C. (2006). The impact of internet pornography on marriage and the family: A review of the research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 13(2–3), 131–165. doi:10.1080/10720160600870711
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
  • Norton, P. J. (2007). Depression anxiety and stress scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20(3), 253–265. doi:10.1080/10615800701309279
  • Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012). The depression anxiety stress scales—21 (DASS‐21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(12), 1322–1338. doi:10.1002/jclp.21908
  • Patterson, R., & Price, J. (2012). Pornography, religion, and the happiness gap: Does pornography impact the actively religious differently? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(1), 79–89. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01630.x
  • Perry, S. L. (2016). From bad to worse? Pornography consumption, spousal religiosity, gender, and marital quality. Sociological Forum, 31(2), 441–464. doi:10.1111/socf.12252
  • Perry, S. L. (2018a). Pornography use and depressive symptoms: Examining the role of moral incongruence. Society and Mental Health, 8(3), 119–195. doi:10.1177/2156869317728373
  • Perry, S. L. (2018b). Pornography use and marital quality: Testing the moral incongruence hypothesis. Personal Relationships, 25(2), 233–248. doi:10.1111/pere.12234
  • Perry, S. L., & Snawder, K. J. (2017). Pornography, religion, and parent-child relationship quality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1747–1761. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0927-8
  • Philaretou, A. G., Mahfouz, A. Y., & Allen, K. R. (2005). Use of Internet pornography and men's well-being. International Journal of Men's Health, 4(2), 149–169. doi:10.3149/jmh.0402.149
  • Popovic, M. (2011). Pornography use and closeness with others in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 449–456. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9648-6
  • Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D., & Hajcak, G. (2015). Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with “porn addiction. Biological Psychology, 109, 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.005
  • Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D., & Hajcak, G. (2016). The latest falsification of addiction predictions. Biological Psychology, 120, 159–161. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.007
  • Pulverman, C., & Meston, C. (2016). 005 Sexual dysfunction among women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: The role of negative appraisal of genital sexual arousal and sexual shame. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(6), S240–S241. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.04.005
  • Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Bohus, M., Jacob, G. A., Brueck, R., & Lieb, K. (2007). Measuring shame and guilt by self-report questionnaires: A validation study. Psychiatry Research, 150(3), 313–325. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.018
  • Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt. New York, NY.
  • Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The test of self-conscious affect (TOSCA-3). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
  • Taylor, K., & Jackson, S. (2018). I want that power back’: Discourses of masculinity within an online pornography abstinence forum. Sexualities, 21(4), 621–639. doi:10.1177/1363460717740248
  • Tian, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, R., Wang, P., Gao, F., & Chen, Y. (2018). Association between specific internet activities and life satisfaction: The mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1181. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.001181
  • Tylka, T. L. (2015). No harm in looking, right? Men’s pornography consumption, body image, and well-being. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 97–107. doi:10.1037/a0035774
  • Vega, V., & Malamuth, N. M. (2007). Predicting sexual aggression: The role of pornography in the context of general and specific risk factors. Aggressive Behavior, 33(2), 104–117. doi:10.1002/ab.20172
  • Volk, F., Thomas, J., Sosin, L., Jacob, V., & Moen, C. (2016). Religiosity, developmental context, and sexual shame in pornography users: A serial mediation model. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2–3), 244–259. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1151391
  • Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9592-5
  • Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Busby, D. M., & Brown, C. C. (2016). Differences in pornography use among couples: Associations with satisfaction, stability, and relationship processes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 145–158. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0562-9
  • Wilt, J. A., Cooper, E. B., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2016). Associations of perceived addiction to internet pornography with religious/spiritual and psychological functioning. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2–3), 260–278. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1140604
  • Woodyatt, L., Wenzel, M., & Ferber, M. (2017). Two pathways to self‐forgiveness: A hedonic path via self‐compassion and a eudaimonic path via the reaffirmation of violated values. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(3), 515–536. doi:10.1111/bjso.12194
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). A meta-analysis of pornography consumption and actual acts of sexual aggression in general population studies. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 183–205. doi:10.1111/jcom.12201
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Pornography consumption and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 43(3), 315–343. doi:10.1111/hcre.12108
  • Young, K. S. (2008). Internet sex addiction: risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 21–37. doi:10.1177/0002764208321339
  • Zahn, R., Lythe, K. E., Gethin, J. A., Green, S., Deakin, J. F. W., Young, A. H., & Moll, J. (2015). The role of self-blame and worthlessness in the psychopathology of major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 186, 337–341. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.001
  • Zheng, L., Goldberg, L. R., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Liu, L. (2008). Reliability and concurrent validation of the IPIP big-five factor markers in China: Consistencies in factor structure between internet-obtained heterosexual and homosexual samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 649–654. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.009

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.