Innovative Moments in Humanistic Therapy I: Process and Outcome of Eminent Psychotherapists Working with Bereaved Clients

REFERENCES

• Aas, I.H. M. (2010). Global assessment of functioning (GAF): Properties and frontier of current knowledge. Annals of General Psychiatry, 9, 1–11. doi: 10.1186/1744-859X-9-20.
   Google Scholar
• Alves, D., Fernandez-Navarro, P., Baptista, J., Ribeiro, E., Sousa, I., & Gonçalves, M. (2013). innovative moments in grief therapy: The meaning reconstruction approach and the processes of self narrative transformation. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 25–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.814927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, D., Fernandez-Navarro, P., Ribeiro, A.P., Ribeiro, E., & Gonçalves, M. (2014). Ambivalence and innovative moments in grief psychotherapy: The cases of Emily and Rose. Psychotherapy, 51, 308–321. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, D., Mendes, I., Gonçalves, M., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2012). Innovative moments in grief therapy: Reconstructing meaning following perinatal death. Death Studies, 36, 795–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus, L., Levitt, H., & Hardtke, K. (1999). The narrative process coding system: Research applications and implications for psychotherapy practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1255–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkham, M., Connell, J., Stiles, W.B., Miles, J.N. V., Margison, F., Evans, C., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2006). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 160–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). BDI-II, Beck depression inventory: Manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Berk, E.A, Safran, J.D., Muran, J.C., & Eubanks-Carter, C.E. (2010). The segmented working alliance inventory-observer-based (S-WAI-O) measure: Manual. New York, NY: Beth Israel Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Boelen, P.A., & Prigerson, H.G. (2007). The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults: A prospective study. European Arch. Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 444–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohart, A.C. (2003). Person-centered psychotherapy and related experiential processes. In A.S. Gurman & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies: Theory and practice (pp. 107–148). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnano, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G.A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 705–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G.A., & Mancini, A.D. (2006). Bereavement-related depression and PTSD: Evaluating interventions. In L. Barbanel & R.J. Sternberg (Eds.), Psychological interventions in times of crisis (pp. 37–55). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G.A., Wortman, C.B., & Nesse, R.M. (2004). Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychology and Aging, 19, 260–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin, E.S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252–260.
   Google Scholar
• Bower, J.E., Kemeny, M.E., Taylor, S.E., & Fahey, J.L. (2003). Finding positive meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement-related disclosure intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 146–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, D.J. (2010). Person-centered psychotherapies: Theories of psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, D.J. (2012a). A person-centered therapist's perspective on Ruth. In G. Corey (Ed.), Case approach to counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed. pp. 90–102). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, D.J. (2012b). Person-centered psychotherapies: Theories of psychotherapy. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds). (2006). The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, R.A., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2010). Measuring meaning: Searching for and making sense of spousal loss in later life. Death Studies, 34, 804–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho, J., Riberio, E., Sousa, I., & Safran, J.D. (2014). Comparing two methods of identifying alliance rupture events. Psychotherapy, 51, 434–432. doi: 10.1037/a0032171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, C, Gonçalves, M.M., Hill, C.E., Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A.P., Sousa, I., Angus, L., & Greenberg, L.S. (2012). Therapist interventions and client innovative moments in emotion-focused therapy for depression. Psychotherapy, 49, 536–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier, J., Holland, J., & Neimeyer, R. (2006). Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model. Death Studies, 30, 403–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier, J.M., Neimeyer, R.A. & Berman, J.S. (2008). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for the bereaved: A comprehensive quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 648–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C.G., Wohl, M., & Verberg, N. (2007). Profiles of posttraumatic growth following an unjust loss. Death Studies, 31, 693–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, B., & Hulley, L. (1996). Depth-oriented brief therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L., & Cohen, J. (1976). The global assessment scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks-Carter, C., Gorman, B.S., & Muran, J.C. (2012) Quantitative methods for detecting change points in psychotherapy research: An illustration with alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy Research, 22, 621–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenstrom, F., Granstrom, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2014). Working alliance predicts psychotherapy outcome even while controlling for prior symptom improvement. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 146–159. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2013.847985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, J., Neimeyer, R.A., & Milman, E. (2014). The meaning of loss codebook: Construction of a system for analyzing meanings made in bereavement. Death Studies, 38, 207–216, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2013.829367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, R., & Greeberg, L. (1997). Case formulation in experiential therapy. In T. Eells (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (pp. 402–429). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M.M., Matos, M., & Santos, A. (2009). Narrative therapy and the nature of “innovative moments” . in the construction of change. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 22, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M.M., Mendes, I., Cruz, G., Ribeiro, A., Angus, L., & Greenberg, L. (2012). Innovative moments and change in client-centered therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 22, 389–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M.M., Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A., Angus, L., & Greenberg, L. (2010). Innovative moments and change in emotion-focused therapy: The case of Lisa. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 23, 267–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M.M., Ribeiro, A.P., Matos, M., Santos, A., & Mendes, I. (2010). The innovative moments coding system: A coding procedure for tracking changes in psychotherapy. In S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, S. Strout, & J. Clegg (Eds.), YIS: Yearbook of idiographic science 2009 (vol. , pp. 107–130). Rome, Italy: Firera.
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M.M., Ribeiro, A.P., Mendes, I., Matos, M., & Santos, A. (2011). Tracking novelties in psychotherapy process research: The innovative moments coding system. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilsenroth, M.J., Ackerman, S.J. , Blagys, M.D. , Baumann, B.D. , Baity, M.R. , Smith, S.R. , & Holdwick, D.J. Jr. (2000). Reliability and validity of DSM-IV Axis V. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1858–1863. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, J.M., Currier, J.M., Coleman, R.A. & Neimeyer, R.A. (2010). The integration of stressful life experiences scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17, 325–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, J., Currier, J., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2006). Meaning reconstruction in the first two years of bereavement: The role of sense-making and benefit-finding. Omega, 53, 173–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, J.M., Currier, J.M., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2014). Validation of the integration of stressful life experiences scale—Short form in a bereaved sample. Death Studies, 38, 234–238, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2013.829369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A.O. (1982). Working alliance inventory (revised). Instructional Psychology Research Group, 82 (1). Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A.O., & Greenberg, L.S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 223–233.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt, M. (2011). Brief psychotherapies. In A.S. Gurman, & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies: Theory and practice (3rd ed. pp. 387–425). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Keesee, N.J., Currier, J.M., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2008). Predictors of grief following the death of one's child: The contribution of finding meaning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 1145–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, M., de la Parra, G., Arístegui, R., Dagnino, P., Tominic, A., Valdés, N., et al. (2007). The evolution of therapeutic change studied through generic change indicators. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 673–679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, D.R., Wortman, C.B., & Williams, A. (1987). Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 218–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenthal, W.G., & Cruess, D.G. (2010). Effects of directed written disclosure on grief and distress symptoms among bereaved individuals. Death Studies, 34, 475–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L. (1997). The core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT): A basic case formulation method. In T. Eells (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (pp. 58–83). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D.J., Garske, J.P., & Davis, M.K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, C., Mendes, I., Gonçalves, M.M., & Krause, M. (2009). Exploring the construct validity of the innovative moments. Presented at the 7th SPR European Conference, October 1–3. Bolzano, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Matos, M., Santos, A., Gonçalves, M.M., & Martins, C. (2009). Innovative moments and change in narrative therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 68–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, D.N., Silver, R.C., & Wortman, C.B. (1993). Religion's role in adjustment to a negative life event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 812–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes, I., Riberio, A.P., Angus, L., Greenberg, L.S., Sousa, I., & Gonçalves, M.M. (2010). Narrative change in emotion-focused psychotherapy: How is change constructed through the lens of the Innovative Moments Coding System? Psychotherapy Research, 20, 692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, S.A., Johnson, L.C., & Lohan, J. (2003). Finding meaning in a child's violent death. Death Studies, 27, 381–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A. (Ed.). (2001). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A. (2004). Fostering posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A. (2009). Constructivist psychotherapy. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A. (Ed.). (2012). Techniques of grief therapy: Creative practices for counseling the bereaved. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A., Burke, L.A., Mackay, M.M., & van Dyke-Stringer, J.G. (2010). Grief therapy and the reconstruction of meaning: From principles to practice. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 40, 73–83. doi: 10.1007/s10879-009-9135-3.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A., Harris, D.L., Winokuer, H.R., & Thornton, G.F. (Eds.). (2011). Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R.A., & Raskin, J.D. (Eds.). (2000). Constructions of disorder: Meaning-making frameworks for psychotherapy. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J.C. (Ed.). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, P., Gonçalves, M.M., & Caro-Gabalda, I. (2009). Assimilation of problematic experiences and innovative moments: A case-study using the linguistic therapy of evaluation. Presented at the 40th SPR International Meeting, June 24–27, Santiago del Chile, Chile.
   Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H.G., Frank, E., Kasl, S., Reynolds, C., Anderson, B., Zubenko, G.S., Houck, P.R., George, C.J., & Kupfer, D.J. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H.G., Horowitz, M.J., Jacobs, S.C., Parkes, C.M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., & Maciejewski, P.K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, E., Ribeiro, A.P., Gonçalves, M.M., Horvath, A.O., & Stiles, W.B. (2013). How collaboration in therapy becomes therapeutic: The therapeutic collaboration coding system. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 86, 294–314. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02066.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riberio, A.P., Riberio, E., Loura, J., Gonçalves, M.M., Stiles, W.B., Horvath, A.O., & Sousa, I. (2014). Therapeutic collaboration and resistance: Describing the nature and quality of the therapeutic relationship within ambivalence events using the therapeutic collaboration coding system. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 346–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-centered psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (pp. 184–256). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, A., Gonçalves, M.M., & Matos, M. (2011). Innovative moments and poor outcome in narrative therapy. Counselling Psychotherapy and Research, 11, 129–139.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J. (1995). Guidelines for an existential-integrated (EI) approach. In K.J. Schneider & R. May (Eds.), The psychology of existence: An integrative, clinical perspective (pp. 135–184). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J. (1998). Existential process. In L.S. Greenberg, J.C. Watson, & G. Lietaer (Eds.), Handbook of experiential psychotherapy (pp. 103–120). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J. (2003). Existential-humanistic psychotherapies. In A.S. Gurman & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies: Theory and practice (pp. 261–296). New York, NY: Guilford
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J. (Ed.). (2007). Existential-integrative psychotherapy: Guideposts to the core of practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J., Bugental, F.T., & Pierson, J.F. (Eds.). (2002). The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research, and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J, & Krug, O.T. (2009). Existential-humanistic therapy: Theories of psychotherapy. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K.J., & May, R. (2012). The psychology of existence (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg, S.S., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1991). Grief and the search for meaning. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 10, 270–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear, K., Boelen, P., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2011). Treating complicated grief: Converging approaches. In R.A. Neimeyer, D. Harris, H. Winokuer, & G. Thornton (Eds.), Grief and bereavement in contemporary society (pp. 139–162). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shear, M.K., Frank, E., Houck, P.R., & Reynolds, C.F. III. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2601–2608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear, M.K., Simon, N., Wail, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., & Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 103–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, N., Folkman, S., Trabasso, T., & Richards, T.A. (1997). Appraisal and goal processes as predictors of psychological well-being in bereaved caregivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 872–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W.B. (2002). Assimilation of problematic experiences. In J.C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapists contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 357–365). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, B., Knaevelsrud, C., & Maercker, A. (2006). Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. Death Studies, 30, 429–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar