Advanced search
Publication Cover
The Nonproliferation Review Volume 10, 2003 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
325
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Domestic politics and stakeholders in the North Korean missile development program

Daniel A. Pinkston Senior research associate and Korea specialist in the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies,
Pages 51-65 | Published online: 05 Feb 2008

  • Condoleezza Rice National Security Council Advisor . January 31 2002 . “Remarks to the American Conservative Union Political Action Conference” . January 31 , Arlington, Virginia
  • Choe , Sang‐Hun . 2002 . “Negotiator Says N. Korea Well‐Armed” . Washington Post , August 29
  • Kirk , Don . 2002 . “Senior U.S. Official Underscores Bush's Criticism of North Korea” . New York Times , August 29
  • Nesirky , Martin . 2002 . “U.S. Official Calls N. Korea ‘Peddler’ of Missile Technology” . Washington Past , August 30 : 17
  • Eckert , Carter J. 1990 . Korea Old and New A History , 143 – 148 . Seoul : Ilchokak Publishers .
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 24 2002 . “Kim Il Sung's Exploits in War Eulogized” . July 24 ,
  • Hye‐song , Kim . 2002 . “Extremely Evil Instigator of Korean War” . Rodong Sinmun , June 25 : 6
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 25 2002 . “Koreans Called Upon to Frustrate U.S. Moves for Aggression and War” . June 25 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 25 2002 . “Mijeui Chimnyakkwa Chonjaengch'aektong'ul Tanhohi Chitpushija/Rodong Sinmun Sasol (Chonmun)” . June 25 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 24 2002 . “Provocation of Korean War” . June 24 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 24 2002 . “Chosonjonjaeng'ui Tobalja” . June 24 ,
  • Bruce Cumings . 1990 . The Origins of the Korean War: Volume II, The Roaring of the Cataract 1947–1950 , 750 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Dingman , Roger . 1988/1989 . “Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War” . International Security , 13 Winter : 65 – 66 .
  • Foot , Rosemary J. 1985 . The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict 1950–1953 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Hayes , Peter . 1991 . Pacific Powderkeg: American Nuclear Dilemmas in Korea , 9 – 11 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
  • Weintraub , Stanley . 2000 . MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero , 257 – 259 . 263 – 264 . New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Harrison , Selig S. 2002 . Korean Endgame: A Strategy for Reunification and U.S. Disengagement , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Hayes , Peter . 1991 . Pacific Powderkeg: American Nuclear Dilemmas in Korea , Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
  • Sun , Chang Myong . 1999 . Pukhan'gunsayon'gu , 118 – 119 . Seoul : P'albog'won .
  • Ik , Chang Chun . May 1999 . Pukhan Haek‐Missile Chonjaeng , May , 246 Seoul : Somundang .
  • Republic of Korea (ROK) Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 160 – 161 . 262 – 263 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Bermudez , Joseph S. Jr. November 1999 . “A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK” . Center for Nonproliferation Studies Occasional Paper No. 2 November ,
  • Ik , Chang Chunn . May 1999 . Pukhan Haek‐Missile Chonjaeng , May , 243 – 325 . Seoul : Somundang .
  • National Intelligence Council . December 2001 . “Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015” . December , <http://www.cia.gov/nic/pubs/other_products/Unclassifiedballisticmissilefinal.htm>
  • Suh , Dae‐Sook . 1988 . Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Ik , Chang Chun . 1991 . Pukhan Inmm'gundaesa , Seoul : Somundang .
  • June 20 2000 . Kin Seinichi Daizukan June 20 ,
  • Mi‐ran , Song . 2002 . “Partisan's Son” . Nodong Sinmun , October 6 : 2
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 5 1998 . “DPRK Socialist Constitution” . September 5 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 5 1998 . “Chosonminjujuuiinmin'gonghwa'guk Sahoejuuihonbop” . September 5 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 4 1998 . “Successful Launch of First Satellite in DPRK” . September 4 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 4 1998 . “Uri Nara'eso Chot In'gongjiguwisong Songgwajog'uro Palsa/Chosonjung'angt'ongshinsa Podo” . September 4 ,
  • Ko , Ch'oe Chong . 2001 . Pukhanbop , 80 95 Seoul : Pag'yongsa .
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 27 1998 . “Son'gojang Ch'amgwanhan Oe'gug'inbanhyang” . July 27 ,
  • Yong‐bae , Shin . 1998 . “Elections Signal Change in North Korea Policy on South” . Korea Herald , July 29
  • Shik , Kim Yong . 1998 . “Ch'oegoinminhoeui Taeuiwon Son'go Kyolgwa Chongbu Punsok” . Segye Ilbo , July 29
  • Chul , Im Ul . 1998 . “Puk Taeuiwo 64% ‘Mulgal'i’” . Hankyoreh Shinmun , 29 July
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 27 1998 . “Korean Voters Participate in SPA Election” . July 27 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 27 1998 . “Kim Jong Il Elected to SPA” . July 27 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 27 1998 . “100 Percent Vote for Candidates” . July 27 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . July 27 1998 . “99.85 P'uroga Son'goch'amga, 100 P'uroch'ansongt'up'yo, 687Myong'ui Taeuiwonson'go” . July 27 ,
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 629 – 630 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 78 – 85 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Suh , Dae‐Sook . 1988 . Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader , 301 – 313 . New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Hunter , Helen‐Louise . 1999 . Kim Il‐song's North Korea , Westport, Connecticut : Praeger .
  • Oh , Kongdan and Hassig , Ralph C. 2000 . North Korea Through the Looking Glass , 133 – 137 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Hwan , Ko Yong . 2000 . Kim Il Sung'ui'kkum, Seoul'eso Iruojida , 90 – 94 . Seoul : Chosonilbosa .
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 105 – 111 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Ko , Ch'oe Chong . Pukhanbop 87 – 90 . 110 – 113 .
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 150 Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Kongdan , Oh and Hassig , Ralph C. 2000 . North Korea Through the Looking Glass , 127 – 147 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Ho , Ch'oi Ch'ok . July 25 2002 . “Puk, Chuyo San'opch'e'e ‘Kyongjejidowon’ Subaengmyong P'a'gyon” . July 25 , Yonhap News Agency .
  • Kirk , Don . 2002 . “North Korean Ending Rationing, Diplomats Report” . New York Times , July 20
  • Hwan , Kang Ch'ol and Yong , Kim Mi . 2002 . “Puk Se'gumje 28 Nyonman'e Puhwal” . Chosun Ilbo , July 25
  • Chol‐hwan , Kang . 2002 . “North Korea Undergoing Economic Reform” . Chosun Ilbo , July 25
  • Choi , Brent . 2002 . “N.K. Enforces Reform in Payrolls, Consumer Price” . Joongang Ilbo , July 12
  • Kwang‐jong , You . 2002 . “North Korea Abolishes Food Rationing System” . Joongang Ilbo , July 19
  • Chong , Yu Kwang . 2002 . “Pukahn, Shingnyang Pae'gupche Kongshikp'yeji” . Joongang Ilbo , July 19
  • Chong , Yu Kwang . 2002 . “Pukhan, Dollar Hwan'yul Taep'ok Hyoshilhwa” . Joongang Ilbo , 24 July
  • Chong , Lee Yong . 1996 . “Najin‐Sonbong Kunp'oktong 1 Paek 20 Myong Ch'ohyong/8 Wolmal Torogongsa Tong'won 200 Myong” . Joongang Ilbo , October 2
  • Pom , Chi Hae . 1997 . “'Pug'e Kim Jong Il Amsaldan Issotta'/IlShisaju'ganji [Sapio]P'ongno” . Chosun Ilbo , June 20
  • Myong , Kim Kwan , Ch'an , Kim Pyong , Kyu , Lee Pyong and Chin , Hwang Sang . 1996 . “Ponbo, Ch'oe'gun Kwisun 5 Myong Chipjung Interview: 3 (Yuksongjung'on Pukhan'un Chi'gum)” . Hankook Ilbo , February 16
  • Frieden , Jeffry A. 1999 . “Actors and Preferences in International Relations” . In Strategic Choice and International Relations , Edited by: Lake , David A. and Powell , Robert . 39 – 76 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • 2000 . “Pukhan Net Pukhanbaekkwa: Tangjung'ang'wiwonhoe” . Joongang Ilbo , December 21
  • Asano , Yoshiharu . 2003 . “N. Korea Missile Exports Earned 580 Mil. Dollars in ‘01, “ . Yomiuri Shimbun , May 13
  • Jiji Press Ticker Service . May 12 2003 . “N. Korea Has Up to 750 Ballistic Missiles: U.S. Source” . May 12 ,
  • Yong‐won , Yu . May 13 2003 . Chosun Ilbo May 13 ,
  • Bank of Korea . May 2002 . “2001 Nyon Pukhan GDP Ch'ujong Kyolgwa [2001 North Korea GDP Estimate Results]” . May ,
  • Yong‐won , Yu . 2003 . Chosun Ilbo , May 13
  • Shik , Kang Ho . 2001 . “Puk, Missile Chungga, ChollyokChonjinbaech'iAnp'akk," . Kyunghyang Shinmun , March 5 : 3
  • Won , Yu Yong . 2001 . “Nodong 1 Ho Missile Puk, 100 Yobal Paech'i/Mi, Shimgakhan Uryo P'yomyong” . Chosun Ilbo , March 2 : 1
  • 2001 . Chosun Ilbo , March 2
  • Shin , Chong Ch'ung . 2001 . “Kukpangbu ‘Puk Missile Chunggangbaech'i Sashilmu'gun,’” . Munhwa Ilbo , March 2 : 2
  • 2002 . “US Commander Warns of NK's Enhanced Missile Capabilities” . Korea Tones , April 30
  • 2002 . “North Korea Possesses 1,000 Ballistic Missiles Says Zanini” . Joongang Ilbo , May 1 (English Edition)
  • Yonhap News Agency . April 29 2002 . “Eighth US Army Commander Reportedly Notes DPRK's ‘Big Increase’ in Missiles” . April 29 ,
  • Won , Ha T'ae . 2001 . “Puk Kunsusan'op Hyonjuso/Mugi Taebubun Tokchasaengsan” . Donga Ilbo , February 5 : 3
  • Kwang , Kim . 2001 . “'Pyongyang Twaejigongjang’ eso Missile Saengsan” . Chosun Ilbo , February 11
  • Won , Ha T'ae . 2001 . “Puk Kunsusan'op Hyonjuso/Mugi TaebubunTokchasaengsan” . Donga Ilbo , February 5 : 3
  • Bermudez , Joseph S. Jr. 2001 . The Armed Forces of North Korea , 45 – 54 . New York : I. B. Tauris .
  • 2002 . T'ongil Kyongje , July 1 : 28 – 36 .
  • Sok , So Chu . 2002 . “Pukhan'ui San'op(X) Kunsu San'op” . T'ong'il Kyongje , July/August : 28 – 30 .
  • Yuhwan , Ko . 2001 . Kukpang Journal (National Defense Journal) , September 1 : 39 – 43 .
  • Hwan , Ko Yu . 2001 . “Pukhan'ui Son'gunjongch'iwa Chunggug'ui Sonbongnon” . Kukpang Journal , September 1
  • Korean Central News Agency . April 9 2001 . “Rodong Sinmun on Kim Jong Il's Election as NDC Chairman” . April 9 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . Apri 19 2001 . “Widaehan Ryongjang'ul Kukpang'ui Suwi'e Moshin Uri Konghwa'gug'un Kumsongch'olbyok/Rodongshinmun Sasol” . Apri 19 ,
  • Chin , Kim . 2000 . “Pukhan‐I'guk Missile Hoedam 7 Wol 10 Il Chaegae” . Joongang Ilbo , June 30 : 2
  • Sung , Lee Chae . 1993 . “Pukhan Oehwabor'ijondam Muyoksangsa 140 Kae” . Segye Ilbo , January 27 : 12
  • Pom , Ha Sung . June 2002 . “Pukhan'ui Kiop List” . June , Korea Trade‐Investment Promotion Agency .
  • Su , Song Tae . 2001 . “Puk, Beijing'so Tae'gyumo Sangp'umjon” . Hankook Ilbo , August 4 : 2
  • Schloss , Glenn . 1996 . “North Korean Firm Behind Shipment” . South China Morning Post , December 13 : 4
  • Kwan , Lee Kyo . 2002 . “Puk Missile Such'ul Oddohke? Missile Momt'ong‐Haekshimbup'um ‘Pulli Susong’” . Chosun Ilbo , March 6 : 54
  • Kyo‐kwan , Lee . 2002 . “NK Missile Exports Diversified in Technique” . Chosun Ilbo , March 5
  • 1999 . “Pukhan/'Nodongdang Che 2 Kyongjewi Mugisuch'ul Suib'ok Dollar Tokchom,’” . Hankook Ilbo , February 21 : 2
  • Pom , Ha Sung . June 2002 . “Pukhan'ui Kiop List” . June , Korea Trade‐Investment Promotion Agency .
  • Kandla , Custom House . August 9 1999 . “Alleged Unauthorized Importation of Ammunition in Form of Parts of Surface Missiles & Machines to Manufacture Such Missiles after Misdeclaring (sic) ” . August 9 , Office of the Commissioner of Customs . These Machines as Water Refining Equipment — On Vessel M.V Ku Wol San‐ Regarding”
  • Armitage , Richard L. March 1999 . “A Comprehensive Approach to North Korea” . March , Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University Strategic Forum . Number 159
  • Yonhap News Agency . March 29 2002 . “South Korea Denies North Diverted Cash for Tour Project into Military” . March 29 , BBC Monitoring International Reports .
  • Hung , Han Ki . 2002 . “Mi Armitage Pujanggwan ‘Puk Missile Such'ul Muryokchoji Halsudo,’” . Donga Ilbo , March 29 : 5
  • Kelley , Matt . December 11 2002 . “Ship Carrying Dozen North Korean Missiles Intercepted in Arabian Sea” . December 11 , Associated Press .
  • 2002 . “Scud Missile Found on Ship from Yemen” . Japan Economic Newswire , December 10
  • Raum , Tom . December 10 2002 . “Ship Carrying Dozen North Korean Missiles Intercepted in Arabian Sea” . December 10 , Associated Press .
  • 2002 . “15 Scud Missiles Found on Ship from N. Korea” . Japan Economic Newswire , December 11
  • Agency , Xinhua News . December 11 2002 . “US to Release Ship with Missiles for Yemen” . December 11 ,
  • Kwan , Lee Kyo . 2002 . “Missile Such'ul, Momt'ong‐Haekshimbupum ‘Pulli Susong,’” . Chosun Ilbo , March 1
  • Kyo‐kwan , Lee . 2002 . “NK Missile Exports Diversified in Technique” . Chosun Ilbo , March 7
  • Ch'ul , Im Ul . 1999 . “Pukhan'ui Missile San op‐Shisul P'yonggawa Hyanghu Palchon Chonmang” . T'ong'il Kyongje , August : 100
  • Lintner , Bertil and Stecklow , Steve . 2003 . “Paper Trail Exposes Missile Merchants” . Far Eastern Economic Review , 166 February
  • Kyu‐sok , Sim . July 22 2002 . “True Picture of Higher Consumer Prices, Wages in North Korea” . July 22 , Yonhap News Agency .
  • Ho , Ch'oe Ch'ok . 2002 . “Puk, 8 Wol I Il Imguminsang Chonmyonshilshi” . Hankook Ilbo , July 24
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 413 – 414 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Shik , Kim Yong . 1997 . “Haek Kaebal Chongbonsa P'yogbuk Yongbyondanji” . Segye Ilbo , April 30 : 17
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 17 2002 . “DPRK‐Japan Pyongyang Declaration Published” . September 17 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . September 17 2002 . “Choson P'yongyang Son'on” . September 17 ,
  • Kelly , James A. December 11 2002 . “U.S.‐East Asia Policy: Three Aspects” . December 11 , Washington, DC : Remarks at the Woodrow Wilson Center .
  • Warrick , Joby . 2002 . “U.S. Followed the Aluminum: Pyongyang's Efforts to Buy Metal Was Tip to Plans” . Washington Post , October 18
  • U.S. Department of State Press Statement, Richard Boucher, Spokesman . October 16 2002 . “North Korean Nuclear Program” . October 16 ,
  • Young‐hwan , Oh . 2002 . “North Continued Nuclear‐Arms Project” . Joongang Ilbo , October 18
  • Korean Central News Agency . October 7 2002 . “Spokesman for DPRK FM on DPRK Visit of Special Envoy of U.S. President” . October 7 ,
  • Giacomo , Carol . 2002 . “US Says N. Korean Fuel Oil Deliveries Should End” . Reuters , November 13
  • Kirk , Don . 2002 . “Korea Leader Backs Plan to Block Oil to the North” . New York Times , November 15
  • Yonhap News Agency . November 15 2002 . “ROK's Yonhap: KEDO Agrees to Suspend Oil Provision to N.K. from December” . November 15 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . December 27 2002 . “DPRK Government Decides to Order IAEA Inspectors Out of DPRK” . December 27 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . December 27 2002 . “Chosonjongbu Kukchewonjaryokkigu Sach'alwondul'ul Naebonaegiro Kyolchong” . December 27 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . January 10 2003 . “Statement of DPRK Government on Its Withdrawal from NPT” . January 10 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . January 10 2003 . “Chosonjongbusongmyong Haengmugijonp'ajijoyag'eso T'alt'oe” . January 10 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . April 6 2003 . “Statement of FM Spokesman Blasts UNSC's Discussion of Korean Nuclear Issue” . April 6 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . April 6 2003 . “Choson'oemusong Taebyon'insongmyong Chosonbandohaengmunjerul Yuen'anbori'eso Ch'wiguphan'un Chach'ega Chonjaengjonjugok” . April 6 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 9 2003 . “KCN A on DPRK's Nuclear Deterrent Force” . June 9 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 9 2003 . “Chosonjung'angt'ongshin Ronp'yong Uri'ui Haeg'okje'ryog'un Kyolk'o Wihyopsudan'i Anida” . June 9 ,
  • Winn , Gregory F. T. 1987 . "Sohak: North Korea's Joint Venture with Western Europe” . In The Foreign Relations of North Korea , Edited by: Park , Jae Kyu , Koh , Byung Chul and Kwak , Tae‐Hwan . 299 – 300 . Seoul : Kyungnam University Press .
  • Kun , Kim Kwi . February 24 2003 . “Pukchidobu Chollyakchok Shilyongjuui Hwaktae” . February 24 , Yonhap News Agency .
  • Ho , Ch'oe Ch'ok and Puk , Chuyo San'opch'e'e . July 25 2002 . “ ‘Kyongjejidowon Subaengmyong P'agyon” . July 25 , Yonhap News Agency .
  • Struck , Doug . 2002 . “A Taste of Capitalism in N. Korea; Prices, Wages Skyrocket as Many State Subsidies End” . Washington Post , September 13 : A1
  • Kirk , Don . 2002 . “North Korean Ending Rationing, Diplomats Report” . New York Times , July 20
  • Chol‐hwan , Kang . 2002 . “North Korea Undergoing Economic Reform” . Chosun Ilbo , July 25
  • Choi , Brent . 2002 . “N.K. Enforces Reform in Payrolls, Consumer Price” . Joongang Ilbo , July 12
  • Pomfret , John . 2003 . “Reforms Turn Disastrous for North Koreans; Nuclear Crisis May Have Roots in Economic Failure” . Washington Post , January 27 : A1
  • Brooke , James . 2003 . “Trial Runs of a Free Market in North Korea” . New York Times , March 11
  • Bermudez Jr. “ ‘A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK” . 29 – 30 .
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 88 Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • ROK Ministry of Unification . December 1999 . Pukhan Kaeyo 2000 , December , 88 – 89 . Seoul : Ministry of Unification .
  • Kun , Chong Nak . 2000 . “Kim Jong Il'ui ‘Kyogje Kangsongdaeguk’ Master Plan” . Shindonga , August
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 9 2003 . “KCNA on DPRK's Nuclear Deterrent Force” . June 9 ,
  • Korean Central News Agency . June 9 2003 . “Chosonjung'angt'ongshin Ronp'yong Uri'ui Haeg'okje'ryog'un Kyolk'o Wihyopsudan'i Anida” . June 9 ,
  • Nesirky , Martin . 2003 . “N.Korea (sic) Wants Atom Bomb, Smaller Military” . Reuters , June 9
  • 1998 . “In'gongjiguwisongsangshik (3)” . Rodong Sinmun , September 16
  • 1998 . “<Rodong Sinmun>, <Kwangmyongsong 1 Ho> Kwanch'alchadul'ui Moksori Sogae” . Rodong Sinmun , October 6
  • 1998 . Choson Shinbo , October 9
  • 1998 . “In'gongjiguwisongsangshik (1)," . Rodong Sinmun , September 14
  • 1998 . Rodong Sinmun , September 15
  • 1998 . “<Kwangmyongsong 1 Ho> Nun Chigu'rul Tonda Konghwagug'ui Kwahakcha'dul, In'gongjiguwisong Palsamunje'e On'gup” . Rodong Sinmun , September 8
  • The views in this paper do not represent those of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies or the Monterey Institute of International Studies. I would like to thank Gitty Amini, Michael Barletta, Eric Croddy, Jody Daniel, Jeffrey Fields, Stephan Haggard, Gaurav Kampani, Ibrahim al‐Marashi, Timothy McCarthy, Victor Mizin, Mari Sudo, and Sebnem Udum for their comments. Of course, I am solely responsible for all errors and shortcomings.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.