Advanced search
Publication Cover
The Nonproliferation Review Volume 11, 2004 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
90
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Countering Iranian nukes: A European strategy

Sean P. Smeland Graduate student at School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
Pages 40-72 | Published online: 05 Feb 2008

  • June 6 2003 . Implementation of the NPT safeguards agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran Report by the Director General June 6 , IAEA document GOV/2003/40
  • Kemp , Geoffrey . January 2001 . “Iran's Nuclear Options,” . In Iran's Nuclear Weapons Options: Issues and Analysis , Edited by: Kemp , Geoffrey . January , 1 Washington : The Nixon Center .
  • Eisenstadt , Michael . 1999 . “Living With a Nuclear Iran?” . Survival , 41 Autumn : 124 – 48 .
  • Rubin , Michael . 2002 . “What Are Iran's Domestic Priorities?'’ . Middle East Review of International Affairs , 6 June : 25 – 39 .
  • Rubin , Michael . 2002 . “Iran's Burgeoning WMD Programs,” . Middle East Intelligence Bulletin , 4 March/April <http.//www.meib.org/articles/0203_irnl.htm>
  • Eisenstadt , Michael . 1996 . Iranian Military Power: Capabilities and Intentions , Washington : Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
  • Dempsey , Judy and Bozorgmehr , Najmeh . 2003 . “EU to review relations if Iran blocks nuclear agency,” . Financial Times , July 21
  • Rahman , Bayan . 2003 . “Japan presses Iran to sign nuclear protocol,” . Financial Times , August 28
  • 2003 . “Germany calls on Iran to sign Atomic Agency's additional protocol,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , June 11
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 11
  • 2003 . “U.N. Seeks Tougher Iran Nuclear Inspections,” . Facts on File World News Digest , June 19
  • 2003 . “Putin says signing of additional nuclear protocol by Iran has great significance,” . RIA news agency (Moscow) , September 20
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , September 21
  • 2003 . “Russia welcomes Iran signing additional protocol on IAEA guarantees,” . Interfax news agency (Moscow) , December 18
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , December 18
  • Carus , Seth . 2000 . “Iran and Weapons of Mass Destruction,” . Middle East Review of International Affairs , 4 September
  • Takeyh , Ray . 2002 . “Re‐Imagining US‐Iranian Relations,” . Survival , 44 Autumn : 23 – 36 .
  • Einhom , Robert J. and Samore , Gary . 2002 . “Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb,” . Survival , 44 Summer : 55 – 70 .
  • Perkovich , George . April 28 2003 . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . Carnegie Paper April 28 , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . <http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/pdf/Iran/Irannuclearchallenge.pdf>
  • Sick , Gary . 1998 . “Rethinking Dual Containment,” . Survival , 40 Spring : 5 – 32 .
  • Chubin , Shahram and Green , Jerrold . 1998 . “Engaging Iran: A US Strategy,” . Survival , 40 Autumn : 153 – 69 .
  • Solana , Javier . 2003 . “A Secure Europe in a Better World,” . European Council, Thessaloniki , June 20 : 5
  • Kagan , Robert . 2002 . “Power and Weakness,” . Policy Review , June <http://www.policyreview.org/ JUN02/kagan.html>
  • 2003 . “UN nuclear team to visit Iran,” . BBC News , July 9
  • Iran's Atomic Energy Organization . December 12 2003 . “Iran's Atomic Energy chief says suspension of uranium enrichment problematic,” . December 12 , Tehran ISNA web site
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , December 12
  • November 10 2003 . Implementation of the NPT safeguards agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Report by the Director General November 10 , IAEA document GOV/2003/75
  • November 17 2003 . “Nuclear Facilities,” . In GlobalSecurity.org November 17 , <http://www.globakecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/nuke‐fac.htm>
  • Spector , Leonard S. 2003 . “Iran's Secret Quest for the Bomb,” . Yale Global Online , May 16 <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/article.print?id=1624>
  • 2003 . “Iran: Head of Atomic Organization says building of Arak reactor to begin in 2004,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , December 17
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , December 17
  • Kemp , Geoffrey . “Iran's Nuclear Options,” . 10
  • 2003 . “Iran to try ‘some’ al‐Qaeda suspects,” . BBC News , August 11
  • Jehl , Douglas . 2003 . “Iran Said to Hold Qaeda's No. 3, but to Resist Giving Him Up,” . New York Times , August 2
  • Solana , Javier . June 20 2003 . A Secure Europe in a Better World June 20 , 5 Thessaloniki
  • Rub , Michael . 2002 . “What Are Iran's Domestic Priorities?” . Middle East Review, of International Affairs , 6 June
  • Takeyh , Ray . 2003 . “Iran at a Crossroads,” . Middle East Journal , 57 Winter
  • 2003 . “EU: Push For Trade Agreement With Iran Stalk, But Unlikely To Derail,” . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty , May 17
  • Dempsey , Judy and Bozorgmehr , Najmeh . 2003 . “EU to review relations if Iran blocks nuclear agency,” . Financial Times , July 21
  • 2003 . “EU to reexamine its entire strategy: Engagement with Iran,” . Agence France‐Presse , July 15
  • Dempsey , Judy . 2003 . “EU foreign policy chief to argue case for diplomatic dialogue with Iran in US,” . Financial Times , December 12
  • Quillen , Chris . 2002 . “Iranian Nuclear Weapons Policy: Past, Present, and Possible Future,” . Middle East Review of International Affairs , 6 June
  • DeSutter , Paula A. 1997 . Denial and Jeopardy: Deterring Iranian Use of NBC Weapons , Washington : National Defense University .
  • Chubin , Shahram and Litwak , Robert S. 2003 . “Debating Iran's Nuclear Aspirations,” . The Washington Quarterly , 26 Autumn : 103
  • Perkovich . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . 5
  • Rohde , David . 2004 . “Pakistanis Question Official Ignorance of Atom Transfers,” . New York Times , February 3
  • August 17 2000 . “Nuclear Weapons,” . August 17 , Federation of American Scientists . <http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/>
  • Khamenei , Supreme Leader Ali . 2003 . “Iran: Khamene'i says Iranian people will defeat US aggression,” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran , June 12
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 12
  • 2003 . “Iran's supreme leader says Washington behind recent riots,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , June 12
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 12
  • Perkovich . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . 7
  • Chubin , Shahram . January 2001 . “Iran's Strategic Environment and Nuclear Weapons,” . In Iran's Nuclear Weapons Options: Issues and Analysis , Edited by: Kemp , Geoffrey . January , 18 – 33 . Washington : The Nixon Center .
  • August 7 2003 . “Khatami on nuclear weapons, Development Plan, domestic issues,” . In Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Network Vol. 1 , August 7 , Tehran
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 10
  • Farhi , Farideh . “To Have or Not to Have? Iran's Domestic Debate on Nuclear Options,” . In Iran's Nuclear Weapons Options Edited by: Kemp , Geoffrey . 40
  • Perkovich . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . 4 – 6 .
  • Chubin . “Iran's Strategic Environment and Nuclear Weapons,” . 28 – 30 .
  • 2003 . “Iran: Rafsanjani criticises US, warns students not to be misled,” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , June 14
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 14
  • Khamenei , Supreme Leader Ali . 2003 . “Leader: Iran's acquiring nuclear technology main reason behind US anger,” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , June 12
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 12
  • Mr. Hoseyni . 2003 . “Iran: Commentator supports acquiring of nuclear technology,” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , June 13
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 13
  • Chubin and Litwak . “Debating Iran's Nuclear Aspirations,” . 105
  • Rubin . “What Are Iran's Domestic Priorities?” . 28 – 32 .
  • February 2003 . “Bilateral Trade Relations: Iran,” . February , Directorate General Trade of the European Commission . <http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/bilateral/iran/index_en.htm>
  • Kemp , Geoffiey . 2002 . “Iran and the EU: Is a New Trade Agreement Possible?” . Al‐Ittihad, Special , on Nixon Center webate, <http://www.nixoncentenorg/publications/articles/Kemp/122002Iran%20and%20EU.htm>
  • Gordon , Philip H. 1998 . The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East , Adelphi Paper 322 29 – 32 . London : IISS .
  • 2003 . “President Khatami says Iran has right to acquire advanced nuclear technology,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , June 18
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , June 18
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 11
  • 2003 . “Iran: MP Khatami says signing additional protocol ‘right step,’” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , August 5
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 5
  • 2003 . “Signing NPT Additional Protocol unavoidable for Iran, says MP,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , August 3
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 3
  • 2003 . “Iran: MP says WMD against ‘ideology’ Additional Protocol too intrusive,” . Mehr news agency (Tehran) , August 2
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 2
  • 2003 . “We will sign protocol if West builds Iran four power stations, says official,” . Reselat web site (Tehran) , August 3
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 3
  • 2003 . “Khamein'i says ‘nuclear weapons don't solve problems,’” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , August 6
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 8
  • 2003 . “Iran signs up to nuclear checks,” . BBC News , December 18
  • 2003 . “Iran's Atomic Energy chief says suspension of uranium enrichment problematic,” . ISNA web site (Tehran) , December 12
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , December 12
  • Weisman , Steven R. 2003 . “U.S. Acquiesces to Allies on New Iran Nuclear Resolution,” . New York Times , November 25
  • 2003 . “UN powers agree on Iran warning,” . BBC News , November 25
  • 2003 . “Iranian official tells Putin of Tehran decision to suspend uranium enrichment,” . Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Network 1 (Tehran) , November 10
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , November 10
  • Perkovich . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . 2 – 3 .
  • Einhorn and Samore . “Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb,” . 65 – 66 .
  • 2003 . “Curbing Nuclear Proliferation: An Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei,” . Arms Control Today , 33 November
  • Chubin . “Iran's Strategic Environment and Nuclear Weapons,” . 18
  • Perkovich . “Dealing With Iran's Nuclear Challenge,” . 4
  • 2003 . “No difference whether Iran signs protocol or not, says paper,” . Mardom Salari (Tehran) , September 20
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , September 20
  • 2003 . “Reformist MP says pressures on Iran are outcomes of poor foreign policy,” . Iranian Labour news agency , November 1
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , November 1
  • 2003 . “Reformist deputy says US wants disintegration of Islamic state,” . Baztab web site (Tehran) , April 15
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , April 15
  • 2003 . “Reformist figure says ‘death to America’ slogan damaging interests,” . Iran News web site (Tehran) , April 21
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , April 21
  • 2003 . “Iran's international standing improved under Khatami‐paper,” . Iran Daily web site (Tehran) , August 21
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 21
  • 2003 . “Iran's Khatami urges joint efforts with Pakistan to offset ‘backwardness,’” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , October 21
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , October 21
  • 2003 . “Former Guards C‐in‐C criticizes Khatami for making concessions to EU,” . ISNA web site (Tehran) , October 26
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , October 26
  • 1998 . Payame Emrouz , 24 June‐July : 95
  • 1999 . Farda (Tehran) , May 27
  • Farhi . “To Have or Not to Have?” . 42 – 43 .
  • Takeyh . “Re‐Imagining US‐Iranian Relations,” . 29
  • Chubin and Litwak . “Debating Iran's Nuclear Aspirations,” . 105 – 107 .
  • 2003 . “European Leaders Offered Nuclear Deal to Iran,” . New York Times , September 19
  • 2003 . “Iran asks ministers to nuclear talks,” . BBC News , October 19
  • 2003 . “Iran hails new IAEA resolution a victory for Tehran,” . IRNA news agency (Tehran) , November 27
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , November 27
  • 2003 . “Iran: Commentary says IAEA resolution success for Iran's diplomacy,” . Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Network 1 (Tehran) , November 27
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , November 27
  • 2003 . “Commentator calls IAEA resolution on Iran's nuclear programme US ‘defeat”,’” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , November 27
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , November 27
  • Chubin . “Iran's Strategic Environment and Nuclear Weapons,” . 19
  • Kemp , Geoffrey . 1994 . Forever Enemies?: American Policy and the Islamic Republic of Iran , 326 Washington : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
  • Gerges , Fawaz . 1996–97 . “Washington's Misguided Iran Policy,” . Survival , 38 Winter : 6
  • Gordon . The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East 62
  • 2003 . “US eyes limited talks with Iran,” . BBC News , October 29
  • Gordon . The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East 54
  • Lindley‐French , Julian . May 2002 . Terms of Engagement, Chaillot Paper , Vol. 52 , May , 31 – 45 . Paris : EU‐ISS .
  • 2003 . “European Union nations agree to freeze Hamas assets,” . Associated Press , September 6
  • 2003 . “European foreign ministers declare Hamas a terrorist group without saying anything about Israeli daily state terrorism,” . Al‐Jazeera , September 7 <www.aljazeerah.info>
  • Takeyh . “Re‐Imagining US‐Iranian Relations,’” . 33
  • Dobbs , Michael . 2003 . “US Using UN to Thwart Iran's Nuclear Program,” . Washington Post , June 23
  • Dinmore , Guy and Khalaf , Roula . 2003 . “Iran faces ‘trigger’ clause on nuclear treaty,” . Financial Times , November 26
  • 2003 . “Iran says ready to talk on IAEA checks,” . Financial Times , August 28
  • Kemp , Geoffrey . 1994 . Forever Enemies?: American Policy and the Islamic Republic of Iran , Washington DC : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
  • Farhi . “To Have or Not to Have?” . 46
  • Takeyh , Ray . “Iran at a Crossroads,” . 42 – 56 .
  • Farhi , Farideh . May 2001 . “Political Analysis: Iran's 2001 Election and the Future of Reform,” . Working Paper, Asia Update Series May , <http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/faf02/>
  • ShahramChubin . “Engaging Iran,” . 164 – 165 .
  • 2003 . “Khamein'i says ‘nuclear weapons don't solve problems,’” . Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran) , August 6
  • 2003 . BBC Monitoring , August 8
  • Sanger , David E. and Miller , Judith . 2003 . “Libya to Give Up Arms Programs, Bush Announces,” . New York Times , December 20
  • Tyler , Patrick E. and Risen , James . 2003 . “Secret Diplomacy Won Libyan Pledge on Arms,” . New York Times , December 21

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.