Chemical and biological weapons in Egypt

References

• A‐Daffi , Ragib Major‐General . 1992 . “Non‐conventional Weapons” . Istratigiya (Lebanon) , May‐June : 26
   Google Scholar
• Carus , W. Seth . December 1988 . “Chemical Weapons in the Middle East” . In Research Memorandum No. 9 , December , Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Terrill , W. Andrew . 1991 . “The Chemical Warfare Legacy of the Yemen War” . Comparative Strategy , 10 ( 2 ) : 109 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) . 1971 . The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare , Vol. 1 , 86 – 87 . 159 – 161 . 336 – 341 . New York : Humanities Press . The Rise of CB Weapons,
   Google Scholar
• Bermudez , Joseph S. 1989 . “Early Soviet Chemical Bombs” . Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review , November : 502
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , A. 1985 . Effects of Chemical Warfare: A Selective Review and Bibliography of British State Papers , 34 London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , Jack . 1990 . “The Growing Chemical Club” . The Washington Post , August 17 : C7
   Google Scholar
• Claibome , William . 1984 . “Egypt's Army Experienced in Waging Chemical Warfare” . The Washington Post , August 26 : A18
   Google Scholar
• SIPRI . The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare Vol. 1 ,
   Google Scholar
• El‐Hawary , M.F.S. 1962 . “Studies on toxicity of fluoroacetate” . Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association , 45 : 694
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Din , H.M. Nour El and Shawki , H.D.A. 1970 . “Synthesis of certain new oxazepin‐4‐one derivatives as psychotropic agents” . Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Egypt) , 9 ( 1 ) : 245
   Google Scholar
• Issa , M. 1975 . "Spectrometric determination of sulphur and nitrogen mustard using thymolphtalein” . Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , 18 ( 2 ) : 257
   Google Scholar
• Youssef , H.Z. 1976 . "The acid‐base properties of some phosphorylcholines” . Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , 19 ( 4 ) : 715
   Google Scholar
• Sidky , M.M. 1973 . "Organophosphorus compounds. 42. Synthesis and isomerization of some basic phosphorothioate esters” . Egyptian Journal of Chemistry Special issue “Tourky” , : 43
   Google Scholar
• Deek , M. El . 1975 . "Organophosphoryl cho‐line analogues” . Phosphorus , 6 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Hassan , S. S. M. and Thoria , S. I. A. 1976 . “New spot test for some phosphorus nerve gases” . Microchemical Journal , 18 : 622
   Google Scholar
• Enein , N. Aboul . 1972 . "Piperidine carboxyamides with potential CNS and cardiovascular properties” . Journal of Pharmacological Science , 61 ( 1 ) : 127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. H. 1977 . "Metabolism of N‐ethyl‐3‐piperidyl benzylate in rats” . Journal of Pharmacological Science , 61 ( 1 ) : 931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobarak , Z. 1980 . "Analytical studies on some nitrogenous hallucinogens” . Forensic Science International , 15 : 47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovitz , J. 1986 . “Intelligence briefing: chemical warfare” . IDF [Is‐rael Defense Forces] Journal , 3 ( 4 ) : 18 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Cordesman , Anthony H. 1991 . Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East , 141 London : Brassey's .
   Google Scholar
• Dixey , L. 1987 . “Chemical Warfare: The Third Option” . Jane's Defence Weekly , January 10 : 25
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . “Comments on Arms Procurement” . Istratigyia (Lebanon) , March : 18
   Google Scholar
• Schumeyer , G. April 1 1990 . Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East , April 1 , 29 Carlisle, Penn. : U.S. Army War College .
   Google Scholar
• Cordesman . Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East 141
   Google Scholar
• Allush , T. 1986 . “Syria Gets on Nerves” . Yediot Ahronot , November 25 : 23
   Google Scholar
• Beecher , William . 1976 . “Egypt Deploying Nerve Gas Weapons” . The Boston Globe , June 6 : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1976 . “President Warns Israel” . Al‐Gamhuriya , January 8 : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1974 . “Warnings by President Towards Israel” . Al‐Aharam , April 12 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Haikal , Mohammed H. 1992 . Illusions of Triumph , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Kope , Holger and Kock , Egmont . January 1990 . Bomb Matters: Lethal Weapons in the Third World , January , 28 – 43 . Berlin : Verdens Gang Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , K. 1981 . ’Studies on organophosphorus compounds. 35: A new route to 4‐methyoxyphosphonothionic diamides from 2, 4‐bis (4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,2,3,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,3‐disulfide and amines” . Tetrahedron , 37 : 1019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidky , M.M. 1982 . "Organophosphorus compounds. 42. Synthesis of substituted alpha‐amino cycloalkene phosphonic acid diesters” . Phosphor and Sulphur , 13 : 319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolus , L. S. 1991 . "Studies on phosphonium salts. 13.” . Phosphorus, Sulphur, Silicon and Related Elements , 57 ( 3–4 ) : 181 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahram , M. R. 1991 . "Organophosphorus chemistry. 21. The behavior of dicyanomethylenes towards attack by alkylphosphites” . Phosphorus, Sulphur, Silicon and Related Elements , 57 ( 3–4 ) : 217 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Badawy , M. I. and Eldib , M. A. 1984 . “Persistence and fate of methylparathion in sea water” . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 33 ( 1 ) : 40 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohamy , F. M. 1985 . "Kinetics of butyrylcholinesterase interaction with organophosphorus inhibitors using 2,6‐dichloro indophenyl acetate as substrate” . Transactions of the Egyptian Society of Chemical Engineering , 11 ( 2 ) : 28 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Otto , D. 1990 . "Neurobehavioral Assessment of Workers Exposed to Organophosphorus Pesticides” . NTIS Government Report Announcements Index, Issue 02, PB90–113788,
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . “Egyptian Presidential Law Announcement, No. 15, Changes in the Pharmaceutical Sector” . Al‐Garida Al‐Rasmiya , April 14 : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . Al‐Ahali , August 17 : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . “Claims by Representative of Factory 801 Workers” . Al‐Sha'ab , August 6 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Wright , Robin . 1989 . “U.S. Leaks Word of Egypt Chemical Plant” . The Los Angeles Times , March 11 : 9
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , Michael R. and Engelberg , Stephen . 1989 . “Egypt Accused of Big Advance in Gas for War” . The New York Times , March 10 : Al A12
   Google Scholar
• Walker , T. 1989 . “Swiss Quit Egypt Project Over Nerve Gas Fears” . The Financial Times , March 11 : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Inouye Says Egypt Not Making Poison Gas” . The Washington Times , March 28 : A2
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Krebs ending connections with Egypt” . Reuters , March 10
   Google Scholar
• March 10 1989 . “President Mubarak is positive about pesticide plant” . March 10 , Associated Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , P. 1988 . “High Link Seen in Cairo Spy Case” . The Washington Post , August 20 : Al A15 – A16 .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , C. 1989 . “Egypt Rejects US Gas Plant Charge” . The Independent , March 13
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . “Doctoral Thesis Written by Head of Egyptian Military Chemical Warfare Directorate” . El‐Nasser (Egypt) , January : 5
   Google Scholar
• Haikal , Mohammed H. 1992 . Illusions of Triumph , 82 – 95 . New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Egypt Still Produces CW” . Defense and Foreign Affairs Weekly , March 10 : 9
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Dieselbe Fabrik ensteht in Rumanien” . Der Spiegel , 89 ( 19 ) May 8 : 166
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . “Egyptian Assistance for Iraqi CW” . The Guardian , September 21 : 6
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . “Raw Materials Go to Iraq Through Egypt” . The Independent , September 21 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Bermudez , Joseph S. 1994 . “Egypt's Missile Development” . In The International Missile Bazaar , Edited by: Porter and Jancks . 23 – 46 . Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , Gerald M. 1994 . “Technological Hitch‐Hiking, Reverse Engineering and Ad‐Hoc Multinational Partnership: The Missile Programs of Small States,” . Conference on the National Security of Small States . April 6 1994 , Israel. Bar‐Ilan University .
   Google Scholar
• Bermudez , Joseph S. 1989 . “The North Korean Scud‐B Programme” . Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review , April : 177 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Bermudez . 1990 . “New Developments in the North Korean Missile Programme” . Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review , August : 343 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Egyptian Denial of Having Chemical Weapons” . Reuters , August 6
   Google Scholar
• Zahran , A. A. 1989 . “A New International Treaty Needed to Control Biochemical Weapons Production and Use” . Arab Defense Journal , 13 ( 7 ) : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Ezz , Esmat A. 1989 . “The Chemical Weapons Convention: Particular Concerns of Developing Countries” . UNIDIR Newsletter , 2 ( 1 ) : 7
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . "Interview with the Egyptian Minister of Defense” . Istratigiya (Lebanon) , March : 8
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . “Arab Leaders Rally to Saddam” . Middle East Economic Digest , April 20 : 12
   Google Scholar
• Ezz , Esmat A. 1991 . “Chemical Weapons: An African Point of View” . In Disarmament , 85 – 90 . New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . “Interview With the Former Egyptian Minister of Defense and Military Industries, General Mahmoud Fauzi, Upon Returning from Baghdad” . Al‐Dastur (Lebanon) , June 11 : 4
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . “Editorial: Chemical Weapons of Iraq and Egypt” . Mayo (Egypt) , September 24 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Burck , Gordon M. and Flowerree , Charles C. 1991 . International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation , 231 New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . “Current News” . Cairo Radio , May 4
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . “Egypt's Position Towards Middle East Disarmament” . El‐Ithiyad (United Arab Emirates) , May 11 : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . "Comments of Minister Amru Moussa on CW Convention” . Al‐Aharam , December 26 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Burck and Flowerree . International Handbook 231
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . “Report: An Unexpected Egyptian Initiative Intended to Establish a Region Free from All Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East,” . Proceedings of the 43rd Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs . June 9–15 1993 , Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Current Affairs” . Syrian Television , July 10
   Google Scholar
• El‐Tarabili , A. 1996 . “Egypt Will Not Join the Chemical Convention” . Al‐Wafd (Egypt) , August 19 : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Interview with Dr. Essam El Din Gallal” . Al‐Masawer (Egypt) , October 11 : 4
   Google Scholar
• Evans , M. 1993 . “Spy agencies join forces to combat secret arms trade” . The Times (London) , September 20 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Barquets , R. S. September 25 1989 . “Establishment of a Multipurpose Pesticide Pilot Plant in Egypt” . September 25 , UNIDO Publication DP/ID/SER. a/1256,
   Google Scholar
• Engelberg , Stephen and Gordon , Michael . 1989 . “India Seen as Key in Chemical Arms” . The New York Times , July 10 : Al
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . “Hungarian Firm Assisting Egyptian Chemical Effort” . Corriere de la Serra (Italy) , January 19 : 4
   Google Scholar
• 1997 . “Israel confiscated pesticides intended for Egypt out at sea” . Ha'aretz (Israel) , January 12 : A10
   Google Scholar
• 1977 . “Announcement by Kafr El‐Zayat Company for Chemicals and Insecticides” . El‐Akhbar (Egypt) , February 23 : 6
   Google Scholar
• Dogheim , S. M. 1996 . "Monitoring of pesticide residues in various samples collected in Kafar El‐Zayat Govemate” . Journal ADAC International , 79 ( 1 ) : 111
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . “Pesticide factory continues operating” . Al‐Ahram (Egypt) , September 12 : 4
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition . October 1992 . The Militarily Critical Technologies List October , 13
   Google Scholar
• Russian Foreign Intelligence Service . 5 March 1993 . A New Challenge After the Cold War: Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction 5 March , 48 translated in JPRS‐TND‐93–007
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Chemical Weapons Proliferation” . A‐Nahar Arabi Wadli (Lebanon) , January 9 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Pedatzur , Reuben . 1987 . “Reduced Chances for Realizing Disarmament Plans in Middle East” . Ha'aretz (Israel) , May 31 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Tsidon , Y. October 24 1996 . Strategic Depth for Israel in the Missile Era: Discussion/Background Document , October 24 , Tel Aviv : Private publication .
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . “Weapon Improvements Are Carried Out” . Al‐Gumhuriya , November 8 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Navias , M. 1989 . “Ballistic Missile Proliferation in the Middle East” . Survival , May/June : 228
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . ‘The Proliferation of Ballistic Missiles” . BBC Panorama , June 24
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . “Increase in Egypt's ‘Scuds’ Leads to B AE Pull‐Out” . Jane's Defence Weekly , September 5 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Kaspit , B. 1993 . “Russian Scientists Developing Ballistic Missile in Egypt” . Ma'ariv (Israel) , January 5 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Eldar , A. and Ben , A. 1996 . “North Korea providing Egypt with advanced Scud missile production equipment” . Ha'aretz (Israel) , June 23 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Russian Foreign Intelligence Service . A New Challenge After the Cold War 24
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Arms Control & Disarmament Agency . July 1996 . Annual Report to Congress July , Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• High War College of the Nasser High Military Academy (Cairo) . 1969 . Biological Weapons Adopted in Foreign Armies and Essentials of Employment
   Google Scholar
• Division for Military Studies of the Ministry of War (Cairo) . 1969 . Infectious Diseases in the Military
   Google Scholar
• 1966 . “About the “City of Medicines’ in Abu‐Za'abal” . Al‐Aharam (Cairo) , March 2 : 8
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization . April 1980 . “Report on Studies of Clostridum botulinum Type B toxin Derived from a Strain Designated QC” . April , Report No. WHO/BS/80.1290,
   Google Scholar
• Weber , J. T. 1993 . "A Massive Outbreak of Type B Botulism Associated with Traditional Salted Fish in Cairo” . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 167 February : 451 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1978 . “Medical Cooperation Between the Netherlands and Egypt” . Al‐Ghomhuriya (Cairo) , February 1 : 6
   Google Scholar
• Egyptian Ministry of Health . 1969 . The Egyptian Pharmacopaea 196 Cairo
   Google Scholar
• 1976 . “Plague Epidemic in Egypt” . Al‐Gahad (Libya) , July 14 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Awad , F. I. 1976 . "Studies on the viability of Pasturella multocida Type 1 under simulated environmental conditions in Egypt” . Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science , 13 ( 1 ) : 57
   Google Scholar
• Awad , F. I. 1976 . "Studies on the clinical signs observed in experimentally infected animals with Pasturella multocida Type 1” . Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science , 13 ( 1 ) : 53
   Google Scholar
• Attia , M. 1974 . "Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of subtilipeptidase A by B. subtilis PR‐70” . Proceedings of the Congress of the Arab Pharmacists Union , : 48 Abstract B.3.2.,
   Google Scholar
• Fauzy , A. S. and Hinton , O. R. 1981 . “Multilevel control of multistage continuous culture using a microprocessor” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabal , M. A. 1983 . "Successful production of T‐2 toxin on a liquid medium” . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 25 ( 3 ) : 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabal , M. A. 1986 . "Fusariotoxicosis of farm animals and mycotoxic encephalomacia of the equine associated with the finding of trichothecenes in feedstuffs” . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 28 ( 3 ) : 207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hassanin , N. and Gabal , M. A. 1986 . “Biological and chemical characterization of metabolites of immunoassay for T‐2 toxin,” . Proceedings of the 1986 U.S. Army Chemical Research and Development Center Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research . November 1986 . pp. 595
   Google Scholar
• Warden , B. A. 1990 . "Chromatographic enzyme immunoassay for T‐2 toxin” . Journal of Immunological Methods , 131 ( 1 ) : 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsafy , M.K. El . 1972 . “The commercial production of gibberellic acid in Egypt” . Proceedings of the First Egyptian Congress of Botany (Cairo) , March : 26
   Google Scholar
• Seagrave , Sterling . 1981 . Yellow Rain , 134 New York : Evans & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Abou‐Gabal , M. A. 1981 . “Modified synthetic liquid medium for higher production of aflatoxins” . Mykosen , 24 : 295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magella , S. A. 1983 . “Rapid, economical qualitative method for separation of various aflatoxins by dry column chromatography” . Mycopathologia , 84 ( 1 ) : 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez , A. H. 1982 . "Aflatoxin and aflatoxicosis. 2. Effects of aflatoxins on ovaries and testicles in mature domestic fowls” . Mycopathologia , 77 ( 3 ) : 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawahri , M. M. El and Kishin , A. F. El . 1978 . “Mutagenic effect of aflatoxin Gl on human chromosomes,” . 12th International Congress of Microbiology . September 1978 . Abstract H.6.
   Google Scholar
• Shourab , E. 1978 . “Virus isolation and identification from cases of Rift Valley Fever virus infection in Egypt” . Armed Forces Medical Journal (Egypt) , 20 ( 3 ) : 83
   Google Scholar
• Kouka , S. E. Abdel Wahab and Tayeb , E. M. El . 1978 . “Rift Valley virus infection in Egypt: pathological and virological findings in man” . Transcripts of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 72 ( 4 ) : 392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Reference Center for Arboviruses, Yale University School of Medicine . 1977 . Annual Report for the Period 1 July 1976 to 30 June 1977 12
   Google Scholar
• Battles , J.K. and Dalrymple , J.M. 1988 . “Genetic variation among geographic isolates of Rift Valley Fever virus” . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 39 ( 6 ) : 617 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El‐Karamany , R. M. 1981 . “Studies on production of RVF virus in tissue culture” . Cairo University . Ph.D. thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Darwish , M. A. 1982 . “Dissemination of Rift Valley Fever virus through inhalation of natural virus aerosols,” . Proceedings of the Seeond International Conference of Aerobiology . 1982 , USA. pp. 19
   Google Scholar
• Gargan , T. P. 1983 . "The effect of laboratory colonization on the vector‐pathogen interations of Egyptian Culex pipiens and Rift Valley Fever virus” . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 32 ( 5 ) : 1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turell , M. J. 1996 . "Vector competence of Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley Fever virus” . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 54 ( 2 ) : 136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Information Service (Geneva) . 1980 . “Review Conference on Bacteriological Weapons Concludes General Debate,” . March 10 1980 . pp. 2 Press Release DC/ 882,
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Egypt demands total elimination of WMD” . Reuters , November 29
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Notes by Military Correspondent About Egyptian‐Iraqi Cooperation” . Al‐Gumhoriya , April 29 : 4
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Minister Denies Reports of Egyptian Cooperation With Iraq in Chemical Weapons Production” . African Defence , July : 5
   Google Scholar
• Ezz , Esmat A. 1991 . “The potential threat of biological and toxin weapons” . Disarmament , 14 ( 2 ) : 95
   Google Scholar
• Ezz , Esmat A. 1991 . “Development and Production of BW by Countries of Insufficient Technical Competence, Outside Maximum Containment Facilities is a Universal Threat Even Without Their Actual Use,” . 16th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Chemical Warfare . January 26–27 1991 , Geneva. Working Paper at the
   Google Scholar
• 1997 . “Chief UN Inspector Visits Egypt” . Al‐Hayat (London) , March 7 : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . Arab Cooperation in Biological Weapons” . Al‐Maharar (Paris) , July 31 : 4
   Google Scholar
• Tsidon , Y. October 24 1996 . Strategic Depth for Israel in the Missile Era: Discussion/Background Document October 24 , Tel‐Aviv
   Google Scholar
• The author's address is: Helsinki Street #8, Tel Aviv, Israel; e‐mail: [email protected]. The author thanks Alona Cherkassky for technical assistance.
   Google Scholar