A New Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease: Sustained Impairment of Nutritive Microcirculation and Its Recovery by Chronic Electrical Stimulation

REFERENCES

• Alpert J S, Karsen O A, Lassen N A. Exercise and intermittent claudication: blood flow in the calf muscle during walking studied by xenon-133 clearance method. Circulation 1969; 39: 353–359, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson S I, Hudlicka O, Brown M D. Capillary red blood cell flow and activation of white blood cells in chronic muscle ischemia in the rat. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H2757–H2764, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Anderson S I, Whatling P, Hudlicka O, Gosling P, Simms M, Brown M D. Chronic transcutaneous electrical stimulation of calf muscles improves functional capacity without inducing systemic inflammation in claudicants. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 27: 201–209, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angersbach D, Jukna J J, Nicholson C D, Ochlich P, Wilke R. The effect of short-term and long-term femoral artery ligation on rat calf muscle oxygen tension, blood flow, metabolism and function. Int J Microcirc: Clin Exp 1987; 7: 15–30
   Google Scholar
• Boger R H, Bode-Boger S M, Thiele W, Junker W, Alexander K, Frohlich J C. Biochemical evidence for impaired nitric oxide synthesis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 1997; 95: 2069–2074
   Google Scholar
• Boo Y C, Jo H. Flow-dependent regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: role of protein kinases. Am J Physiol 2003; 285: C499–C508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosman J, Tangelder G J, Oude Egbrink M G, Reneman R S, Slaaf D W. Local application of adenosine induces an increase of capillary diameter in skeletal muscle of anesthetized rabbits. J Vasc Res 1996; 33: 111–118, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Bouloumie A, Bauersachs J, Linz W, Scholkens B A, Wiemer G, Fleming I, Busse R. Endothelial dysfunction coincides with an enhanced nitric oxide expression and superoxide anion production. Hypertension 1997; 30: 934–941, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown M D, Kent J, Kelsall C J, Milkiewicz M, Hudlicka O. Remodeling in the microcirculation of rat skeletal muscle during chronic ischemia. Microcirculation 2003; 10: 179–191, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Cohen K D, Sarelius I H. Muscle contraction under capillaries in hamster muscle induces arteriolar dilatation via KATP channels and nitric oxide. . J Physiol 2002; 539(2)547–555, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Dawson J M, Hudlicka O. Changes in the microcirculation in slow and fast skeletal muscles with long-term limitation of blood supply. Cardiovasc Res 1990; 24: 390–395, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Dawson J M, Tyler K R, Hudlicka O. A comparison of the microcirculation in rat fast glycolytic and slow oxidative muscles at rest and during contractions. Microvasc Res 1987; 33: 167–182, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson J M, Okyayuz-Baklouti I, Hudlicka O. Skeletal muscle microcirculation: the effects of limited blood supply and treatment with torbafylline. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1990; 9: 385–400, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Egginton S, Hudlicka O. Regional capillary perfusion in muscles with limited blood supply: effects of torbafylline. Pflügers Arch 1992; 421: 336–342
   Google Scholar
• Eginton M T, Mays B W, Kelley H, Hower C D, Dassow M, Cambria R A, Towne J B, Seabrook G R, Freischlag J A. cGMP is decreased after acute ischemia in chronically ischemic canine limbs. J Surg Res 1999; 86: 167–170, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Friebel M, Klotz K F, Ley K, Gaehtgens P, Pries A R. Flow-dependent regulation of arteriolar diameter in rat skeletal muscle in situ: role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostanoids. J Physiol 1995; 483(3)715–726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Collis M G, Hudlicka O. The effect of alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin on capillary supply, blood flow and performance in a rat model of chronic muscle ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998; 16: 71–77, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hillier C, Sayers R D, Watt P AC, Naylor R, Bell P RF, Thurston H. Altered small artery morphology and reactivity in critical limb ischaemia. Clin Sci 1999; 96: 155–163, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O, Brown M D, Egginton S, Dawson J M. Effect of long-term electrical stimulation on vascular supply and performance in chronically ischemic muscles. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 1317–1324, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hughes R A, Hudlicka O. The effect of reduced blood flow on the microcirculation in rat fast skeletal muscle. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1993; 13: 74, (Abstr)
   Google Scholar
• Ito W D, Arras M, Winkler B, Scholz D, Schaper J, Schaper W. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 increases collateral and peripheral conductance after femoral artery occlusion. Circ Res 1997; 80: 829–837, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda J, Linhart J, Kasalicky J. Experimental chronic ischaemia of the skeletal muscle in rat. Physiol Bohemoslov 1974; 23: 521–526, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall C J, Brown M D, Hudlicka O. Alterations in reactivity of small arterioles in rat skeletal muscle as a result of chronic ischaemia. J Vasc Res 2001; 38: 212–218, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall C J, Brown M D, Kent J, Kloehn M, Hudlicka O. Arteriolar endothelial dysfunction is restored in ischaemic muscles by chronic electrical stimulation. J Vasc Res 2004; 41: 241–251, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Koller A, Kaley G. Shear stress dependent regulation of vascular resistance in health and disease: role of endothelium. Endothelium 1996; 4: 247–272
   Google Scholar
• Koller A, Messina E J, Wolin M S, Kaley G. Effects of endothelial impairment on arteriolar dilator responses in vivo. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: H1485–H1489, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Larsen O A, Lassen N A. Effect of daily muscular exercise in patients with intermittent claudication evaluated by simultaneous 133Xe and 24Na clearances. J Clin Invest 1966; 43: 1805–1812
   Google Scholar
• Lau K I, Grange R W, Isotani E, Sarelius I H, Kamm K E, Huang P L, Stull J T. nNOS and eNOS modulate cGMP formation and vascular response in contracting fast twitch skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics 2000; 2: 21–27, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao J K, Bettmann M A, Sandor T, Tucker J I, Coleman S M, Creager M A. Differential impairment of vasodilator responsiveness of peripheral resistance and conduit vessels in humans with atherosclerosis. Circ Res 1991; 68: 1027–1034, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathien G M, Terjung R L. Muscle blood flow in trained rats with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H759–H765, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell D, Tyml K. Nitric oxide release in rat skeletal muscle capillary. Am J Physiol 1997; 270: H1606–H1703
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson C D, Schmitt R M, Wilke R. The effect of acute and chronic femoral artery ligation on the blood flow through the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat examined using laser Doppler flowmetry and xenon-133 clearance. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1985; 4: 157–171, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson C D, Angersbach D, Wilke R. The effect of physical training on rat calf muscle, oxygen tension, blood flow, metabolism and function in an animal model of chronic occlusive peripheral vascular disease. Int J Sports Med 1992; 13: 60–64, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pearce S C, Hudlicka O, Brown M D. Effect of indomethacin on capillary growth and microvasculature in chronically stimulated rat skeletal muscles. J Physiol 2000; 526(2)435–444, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Pouregeaud F, De Mey J. Vasomotor responses in chronically hyperperfused and hypoperfused rat mesenteric arteries. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: H1301–H1307
   Google Scholar
• Rochester J R, Brown N J, Reed M WR. Characterization of an experimental model of chronic lower limb ischaemia in the anaesthetized rat. Int J Microrcirc Clin Exp 1994; 14: 27–33
   Google Scholar
• Sanne H, Sivertsson R. The effect of exercise on the development of collateral circulation after experimental occlusion of femoral artery in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1968; 73: 257–263, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarelius I H. Cell flow path influences transit times through striated muscle capillaries. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: H899–H907, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Schaper W, Gorge G, Winkler B, Schaper J. The collateral circulation of the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1988; 31: 57–77, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz D, Ito W, Fleming I, Deindl E, Sauer A, Wiesnet M, Busse R, Schaper J, Schaper W. Ultrastructure and molecular histology of rabbit hind-limb collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). Virchows Arch 2000; 436: 257–270, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternbergh W C, Makhoul R G, Adelman B. Nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation is selectively attenuated in the postischemic extremity. Surgery 1993; 114: 960–967, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan K H, de Cossart L, Edwards P R. Exercise training and peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 553–562, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang G M, Green M A, Crow A J, Smith F C, Beck S, Hudlicka O, Shearman C P. Chronic muscle stimulation improves ischaemic muscle performance in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 419–422, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle J L, Nachreiner R D, Bhuller A S, Condict K W, Connors B A, Herring B P, Dalsing M C, Unthank J L. Shear level influences resistance artery remodeling: wall dimensions, cell density, and eNOS expression. Am J Physiol 2001; 281: H1380–H1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yataco A R, Corretti M C, Gardner A W, Womack C J, Katzel L I. Endothelial reactivity and cardiac risk factors in older patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 754–758, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar