REFERENCES
- Sands K E, Bates D W, Lanken P N, Graman P S, Hibberd P L, Kahn K L, Parsonnet J, Panzer R, Orav E J, Snydman D R, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA 1997; 278: 234–240
- Martin G S, Mannino D M, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1546–1554
- Angus D C, Linde-Zwirble W T, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky M R. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1303–1310
- Marshall J C, Cook D J, Christou N V, Bernard G R, Sprung C L, Sibbald W J. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1638–1652
- Sprung C L, Peduzzi P N, Shatney C H, Schein R M, Wilson M F, Sheagren J N, Hinshaw L B. Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 801–806
- Bernard G R, Vincent J L, Laterre P F, LaRosa S P, Dhainaut J F, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub J S, Garber G E, Helterbrand J D, Ely E W, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 699–709
- van d en, Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359–1367
- Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert P E, Francois B, Korach J M, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troche G, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862–871
- Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368–1377
- Cannon W B, Fraser J, Cowell E M. The preventive treatment of wound shock. JAMA 1918; 70: 618–621
- Oi Y, Aneman A, Svensson M, Ewert S, Dahlqvist M, Haljamae H. Hypertonic saline-dextran improves intestinal perfusion and survival in porcine endotoxin shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 2843–2850
- Luypaert P, Vincent J L, Domb M, Van der Linden P, Blecic S, Azimi G, Bernard A. Fluid resuscitation with hypertonic saline in endotoxic shock. Circ Shock 1986; 20: 311–320
- Flegal K M, Carroll M D, Ogden C L, Johnson C L. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1723–1727
- Allison D B, Fontaine K R, Manson J E, Stevens J, Van Itallie T B. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999; 282: 1530–1538
- Olshansky S J, Passaro D J, Hershow R C, Layden J, Carnes B A, Brody J, Hayflick L, Butler R N, Allison D B, Ludwig D S. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1138–1145
- Huang Z, Willett W C, Manson J E, Rosner B, Stampfer M J, Speizer F E, Colditz G A. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 81–88
- Wilson P W, D'Agostino R B, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel W B. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1867–1872
- El-Solh A, Sikka P, Bozkanat E, Jaafar W, Davies J. Morbid obesity in the medical ICU. Chest 2001; 120: 1989–1997
- Yaegashi M, Jean R, Zuriqat M, Noack S, Homel P. Outcome of morbid obesity in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2005; 20: 147–154
- Vachharajani V, Russell J M, Scott K L, Conrad S, Stokes K Y, Tallam L, Hall J, Granger D N. Obesity exacerbates sepsis-induced inflammation and microvascular dysfunction in mouse brain. Microcirculation 2005; 12: 183–194
- Vachharajani V, Vital S, Russell J, Scott L K, Granger D N. Glucocorticoids inhibit the cerebral microvascular dysfunction associated with sepsis in obese mice. Microcirculation 2006; 13: 477–487
- Bauer P, Lush C W, Kvietys P R, Russell J M, Granger D N. Role of endotoxin in the expression of endothelial selectins after cecal ligation and perforation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278: R1140–R1147
- Maciel F, Mook M, Zhang H, Vincent J L. Comparison of hypertonic with isotonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution on oxygen extraction capabilities during endotoxic shock. Shock 1998; 9: 33–39
- Ishikawa M, Cooper D, Russell J, Salter J W, Zhang J H, Nanda A, Granger D N. Molecular determinants of the prothrombogenic and inflammatory phenotype assumed by the postischemic cerebral microcirculation. Stroke 2003; 34: 1777–1782
- Tailor A, Granger D N. Hypercholesterolemia promotes P-selectin-dependent platelet–endothelial cell adhesion in postcapillary venules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 675–680
- Tsujikawa A, Kiryu J, Yamashiro K, Nonaka A, Nishijima K, Honda Y, Ogura Y. Interactions between blood cells and retinal endothelium in endotoxic sepsis. Hypertension 2000; 36: 250–258
- Eppihimer M J, Wolitzky B, Anderson D C, Labow M A, Granger D N. Heterogeneity of expression of E- and P-selectins in vivo. Circ Res 1996; 79: 560–569
- Eppihimer M J, Russell J, Anderson D C, Wolitzky B A, Granger D N. Endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in gene-targeted mice. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: H1903–1908
- Panes J, Perry M A, Anderson D C, Manning A, Leone B, Cepinskas G, Rosenbloom C L, Miyasaka M, Kvietys P R, Granger D N. Regional differences in constitutive and induced ICAM-1 expression in vivo. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: H1955–H1964
- Arnsten A T, Segal D S. Naloxone alters locomotion and interaction with environmental stimuli. Life Sci 1979; 25: 1035–1042
- Berridge C W, Dunn A J. Corticotropin-releasing factor elicits naloxone sensitive stress-like alterations in exploratory behavior in mice. Regul Pept 1986; 16: 83–93
- Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res 2003; 11: 525–531
- Xiao F, Pardue S, Aw T Y, Carden D L. Obesity exacerbates sepsis-mediated pulmonary microvascular injury. Acadc Emerg Med 2005; 12, (Suppl 1) (Abstract)
- Russell J, Cooper D, Tailor A, Stokes K Y, Granger D N. Low venular shear rates promote leukocyte-dependent recruitment of adherent platelets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G123–G129
- Hildebrand F, Pape H C, Harwood P, Muller K, Hoevel P, Putz C, Siemann A, Krettek C, van Griensven M. Role of adhesion molecule ICAM in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial sepsis. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2005; 56: 281–290
- Pascual J L, Khwaja K A, Ferri L E, Giannias B, Evans D C, Razek T, Michel R P, Christou N V. Hypertonic saline resuscitation attenuates neutrophil lung sequestration and transmigration by diminishing leukocyte–endothelial interactions in a two-hit model of hemorrhagic shock and infection. J Trauma 2003; 54: 121–130, discussion 130–122
- Alam H B, Sun L, Ruff P, Austin B, Burris D, Rhee P. E- and P-selectin expression depends on the resuscitation fluid used in hemorrhaged rats. J Surg Res 2000; 94: 145–152
- Bahrami S, Zimmermann K, Szelenyi Z, Hamar J, Scheiflinger F, Redl H, Junger W G. Small-volume fluid resuscitation with hypertonic saline prevents inflammation but not mortality in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2006; 25: 283–289
- Gonzalez E A, Kozar R A, Suliburk J W, Weisbrodt N W, Mercer D W, Moore F A. Conventional dose hypertonic saline provides optimal gut protection and limits remote organ injury after gut ischemia reperfusion. J Trauma 2006; 61: 66–74
- Gonzalez E A, Kozar R A, Suliburk J W, Weisbrodt N W, Mercer D W, Moore F A. Hypertonic saline resuscitation after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion induces ileal apoptosis. J Trauma 2005; 59: 1092–1098
- Choi S H, Lee S W, Hong Y S, Jeun J M, Min B W. Selective inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophils by resuscitative concentration of hypertonic saline. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 119–122
- Eggers V, Schilling A, Kox W J, Spies C. [Septic encephalopathy. Diagnosis und therapy]. Anaesthesist 2003; 52: 294–303
- Arnalich F, Lopez J, Codoceo R, Jim nez M, Madero R, Montiel C. Relationship of plasma leptin to plasma cytokines and human survivalin sepsis and septic shock. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 908–911
- Papathanassoglou E D, Moynihan J A, Ackerman M H, Mantzoros C S. Serum leptin levels are higher but are not independently associated with severity or mortality in the multiple organ dysfunction/systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a matched case control and a longitudinal study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54: 225–233