Structural Remodeling in the Limb Circulation: Impact of Obesity and Diabetes

REFERENCES

• Bakker E N, Buus C L, Spaan J A, Perree J, Ganga A, Rolf T M, Sorop O, Bramsen L H, Mulvany M J, Vanbavel E. Small artery remodeling depends on tissue-type transglutaminase. Circ Res 2005; 96: 119–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beisswenger P J, Moore L L, Brinck-Johnsen T, Curphey T J. Increased collagen-linked pentosidine levels and advanced glycosylation end products in early diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 212–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlen H G, Niggl B A. Adult microvascular disturbances as a result of juvenile onset diabetes in Db/Db mice. Blood Vessels 1979; 16: 269–276
   Google Scholar
• Brownlee M. Glycation products and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1835–1843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buus C L, Pourageaud F, Fazzi G E, Janssen G, Mulvany M J, De Mey J G. Smooth muscle cell changes during flow-related remodeling of rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Circ Res 2001; 89: 180–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron N E, Cotter M A. Metabolic and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997; 46: S31–S37, Suppl 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron N E, Eaton S E, Cotter M A, Tesfaye S. Vascular factors and metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 1973–1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceiler D L, De Mey J G. Chronic N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester treatment does not prevent flow-induced remodeling in mesenteric feed arteries and arcading arterioles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 2057–2063
   Google Scholar
• Chappey O, Dosquet C, Wautier M P, Wautier J L. Advanced glycation end products, oxidant stress and vascular lesions. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 97–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark M G, Rattigan S, Clerk L H, Vincent M A, Clark A D, Youd J M, Newman J M. Nutritive and non-nutritive blood flow: rest and exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 168: 519–530
   Google Scholar
• Cleland S J, Petrie J R, Ueda S, Elliott H L, Connell J M. Insulin as a vascular hormone: implications for the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25: 175–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats P. Myogenic, mechanical and structural characteristics of resistance arterioles from healthy and ischaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 105: 683–689
   Google Scholar
• Corman B, Duriez M, Poitevin P, Heudes D, Bruneval P, Tedgui A, Levy B I. Aminoguanidine prevents age-related arterial stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 1301–1306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davy K P, Hall J E. Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one?. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286: R803–R813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosluoglu H H, O'Brien-Irr M S, Lukan J, Harris L M, Dryjski M L, Cherr G S. Does preferential use of endovascular interventions by vascular surgeons improve limb salvage, control of symptoms, and survival of patients with critical limb ischemia?. Am J Surg 2006; 192: 572–576
   Google Scholar
• Dumont O, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Key role of the NO-pathway and matrix metalloprotease-9 in high blood flow-induced remodeling of rat resistance arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27: 317–324
   Google Scholar
• Flynn M D, Tooke J E. Aetiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a role for the microcirculation?. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 320–329
   Google Scholar
• Flynn M D, Tooke J E. Diabetic neuropathy and the microcirculation. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 298–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisbee J C. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to skeletal muscle microvessel rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: R307–R316
   Google Scholar
• Frisbee J C, Samora J B, Peterson J, Bryner R. Exercise training blunts microvascular rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H2483–H2492
   Google Scholar
• Fulton D, Harris M B, Kemp B E, Venema R C, Marrero M B, Stepp D W. Insulin resistance does not diminish eNOS expression, phosphorylation or binding to hsp90. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287(6)H2384–93
   Google Scholar
• Garcia L A. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. J Endovasc Ther 2006; 13: II3–II9, Suppl 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg S, Alex M, Joshi R A, Blumenthal H T. Nonatheromatous peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1959; 8: 261–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin A, Beckman J A, Schmidt A M, Creager M A. Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation 2006; 114: 597–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald S. Ageing of the conduit arteries. J Pathol 2007; 211: 157–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillier C, Sayers R D, Watt P A, Naylor R, Bell P R, Thurston H. Altered small artery morphology and reactivity in critical limb ischaemia. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 96: 155–163
   Google Scholar
• Howard C F, Jr. Basement membrane thickness in muscle capillaries of normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. Diabetes 1975; 24: 201–206
   Google Scholar
• Hummel K P, Coleman D L, Lane P W. The influence of genetic background on expression of mutations at the diabetes locus in the mouse. I. C57BL-KsJ and C57BL-6J strains. Biochem Genet 1972; 7: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass D A, Shapiro E P, Kawaguchi M, Capriotti A R, Scuteri A, de Groof R C, Lakatta E G. Improved arterial compliance by a novel advanced glycation end-product crosslink breaker. Circulation 2001; 104: 1464–1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J A, Montagnani M, Koh K K, Quon M J. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006; 113: 1888–1904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Ford E S, McGuire L C, Mokdad A H. Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among U.S. adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 216–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather K, Anderson T J, Verma S. Insulin action in the vasculature: physiology and pathophysiology. J Vasc Res 2001; 38: 415–422
   Google Scholar
• McMillan D E. Deterioration of the microcirculation in diabetes. Diabetes 1975; 24: 944–957
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piiper J. Modeling of oxygen transport to skeletal muscle: blood flow distribution, shunt, and diffusion. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 316: 3–10
   Google Scholar
• Rask-Madsen C, King G L. Mechanisms of disease: endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 46–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy G K. AGE-related cross-linking of collagen is associated with aortic wall matrix stiffness in the pathogenesis of drug-induced diabetes in rats. Microvasc Res 2004; 68: 132–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schramm J C, Dinh T, Veves A. Microvascular changes in the diabetic foot. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2006; 5: 149–159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz E A, Reaven P D. Molecular and signaling mechanisms of atherosclerosis in insulin resistance. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35: 525–549, viii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenkovich C F. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1813–1822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shammas N W, Dippel E J. Evidence-based management of peripheral vascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2005; 7: 358–363
   Google Scholar
• Shankar S S, Considine R V, Gorski J C, Steinberg H O. Insulin sensitivity is preserved despite disrupted endothelial function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E691–E696
   Google Scholar
• Stacy D L, Prewitt R L. Effects of chronic hypertension and its reversal on arteries and arterioles. Circ Res 1989; 65: 869–879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepp D W. Impact of obesity and insulin resistance on vasomotor tone: nitric oxide and beyond. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33: 407–414
   Google Scholar
• Stepp D W, Pollock D M, Frisbee J C. Low-flow vascular remodeling in the metabolic syndrome X. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286: H964–H970
   Google Scholar
• Strandness D E, Jr., Priest R E, Gibbons G E. Combined clinical and pathologic study of diabetic and nondiabetic peripheral arterial disease. Diabetes 1964; 13: 366–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striker L J, Striker G E. Administration of AGEs in vivo induces extracellular matrix gene expression. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 62–65, Suppl 5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueda S, Petrie J R, Cleland S J, Elliott H L, Connell J M. Insulin vasodilatation and the “arginine paradox”. Lancet 1998; 351: 959–960
   Google Scholar
• Ueda S, Petrie J R, Cleland S J, Elliott H L, Connell J M. The vasodilating effect of insulin is dependent on local glucose uptake: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2126–2131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson J R, Vogler N J, Kilo C. Regional variations in the width of the basement membrane of muscle capillaries in man and giraffe. Am J Pathol 1971; 63: 359–370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Y P, Cockburn B N, Pugh W, Polonsky K S. Basal insulin hypersecretion in insulin-resistant Zucker diabetic and Zucker fatty rats: role of enhanced fuel metabolism. Metabolism 1999; 48: 857–864
   Google Scholar