The Evolving Paradigm for Blood Cell-Endothelial Cell Interactions in the Cerebral Microcirculation

REFERENCES

• Ahmed S H, He Y Y, Nassief A, Xu J, Xu X M, Hsu C Y, Faraci F M. Effects of lipopolysaccharide priming on acute ischemic brain injury. Stroke 2000; 31: 193–199
   Google Scholar
• Allt G, Lawrenson J G. Is the pial microvessel a good model for blood-brain barrier studies?. Brain Res Rev 1997; 24: 67–76
   Google Scholar
• Archelos J J, Jung S, Maurer M, Schmied M, Lassmann H, Tamatani T, Miyasaka M, Toyka K V, Hartung H P. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by an antibody to the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam T V, Chan S L, Jo D G, Yilmaz G, Tang S C, Cheng A, Gleichmann M, Okun E, Dixit V D, Chigurupati S, Mughal M R, Ouyang X, Miele L, Magnus T, Poosala S, Granger D N, Mattson M P. Gamma secretase-mediated Notch signaling worsens brain damage and functional outcome in ischemic stroke. Nat Med 2006; 12: 621–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam T V, Salter J W, Chidlow J H, Ballantyne C M, Kevil C G, Granger D N. Contributions of LFA-1 and Mac-1 to brain injury and microvascular dysfunction induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H2555–H2560
   Google Scholar
• Aslan M, Ryan T M, Adler B, Townes T M, Parks D A, Thompson J A, Tousson A, Gladwin M T, Patel R P, Tarpey M M, Batinic-Haberle I, White C R, Freeman B A. Oxygen radical inhibition of nitric oxide-dependent vascular function in sickle cell disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 15215–15220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkalow F J, Goodman M J, Gerritsen M E, Mayadas T N. Brain endothelium lack one of two pathways of P-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion. Blood 1996; 88: 4585–4593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron M. An overview of the Notch signaling pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2003; 14: 113–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone F C, Feuerstein G Z. Inflammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 819–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker K J. Anti-leukocyte antibodies: LeukArrest (Hu23F2G) and Enlimomab (R6.5) in acute stroke. Curr Med Res Opin 2002; 18: 18–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belcher J D, Mahaseth H, Welch T E, Vilback A E, Sonbol K M, Kalambur V S, Bowlin P R, Bischof J C, Hebbel R P, Vercellotti G M. Critical role of endothelial cell activation in hypoxia-induced vasoocclusion in transgenic sickle mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H2715–H2725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcher J D, Marker P H, Weber J P, Hebbel R P, Vercellotti G M. Activated monocytes in sickle cell disease: potential role in the activation of vascular endothelium and vaso-occlusion. Blood 2000; 96: 2451–2459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belka C, Budach W, Kortmann R D, Bamberg M. Radiation induced CNS toxicity–molecular and cellular mechanisms. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 1233–1239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsch A, Klene W, Murtada L, Prange H, Rieckmann P. A longitudinal prospective study of soluble adhesion molecules in acute stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: 2129–2135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray S J. Notch signaling: a simple pathway becomes complex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7: 678–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho-Tavares J, Hickey M J, Hutchison J, Michaud J, Sutcliffe I T, Kubes P. A role for platelets and endothelial selectins in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced leukocyte recruitment in the brain microvasculature. Circ Res 2000; 87: 1141–1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassella J P, Lawrenson J G, Allt G, Firth J A. Ontogeny of four blood-brain barrier markers: an immunocytochemical comparison of pial and cerebral cortical microvessels. J Anat 1996; 189: 407–415
   Google Scholar
• Chang W L, Li J, Sun G, Chen H L, Specian R D, Berney SM, Granger D N, van der Heyde H C. P-selectin contributes to severe experimental malaria but is not required for leukocyte adhesion to brain microvasculature. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 1911–1918
   Google Scholar
• Del Maschio A, De Luigi A, Martin-Padura I, Brockhaus M, Bartfai T, Fruscella P, Adorini L, Martino G, Furlan R, De Simoni M G, Dejana E. Leukocyte recruitment in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice with experimental meningitis is inhibited by an antibody to junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1351–1356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dereski M O, Chopp M, Knight R A, Chen H, Garcia J H. Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: temporal profile of neutrophil responses. Neurosci Res Commun 1992; 11: 179–186
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich J B. The adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and its regulation in relation with the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 128: 58–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukic M, Mildner A, Schmidt H, Czesnik D, Bruck W, Priller J, Nau R, Prinz M. Circulating monocytes engraft in the brain, differentiate into microglia and contribute to the pathology following meningitis in mice. Brain Augs 3 2006; 129: 2394–2403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embury S H, Matsui N M, Ramanujam S, Mayadas T N, Noguchi C T, Diwan B A, Mohandas N, Cheung A T. The contribution of endothelial cell P-selectin to the microvascular flow of mouse sickle erythrocytes in vivo. Blood 2004; 104: 3378–3385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt B, Vestweber D, Hallmann R, Schulz M. E- and P-selectin are not involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells across the blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blood 1997; 90: 4459–4472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators. Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial. Neurology 2001; 57: 1428–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppihimer M J, Wolitzky B, Anderson D C, Labow M A, Granger D N. Heterogeneity of expression of E- and P-selectins in vivo. Circ Res 1996; 79: 560–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari C C, Pott Godoy M C, Tarelli R, Chertoff M, Depino A M, Pitossi F J. Progressive neurodegeneration and motor disabilities induced by chronic expression of IL-1beta in the substantia nigra. Neurobiol Dis Aug 8 2006; 24: 183–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuerstein G Z, Wang X, Barone F C. Inflammatory gene expression in cerebral ischemia and trauma. Potential new therapeutic targets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 825: 179–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaber M W, Sabek O M, Fukatsu K, Wilcox H G, Kiani M F, Merchant T E. Differences in ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha expression between large single fraction and fractionated irradiation in mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2003; 79: 359–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia C M, Darland D C, Massingham L J, D'Amore P A. Endothelial cell-astrocyte interactions and TGF beta are required for induction of blood-neural barrier properties. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2004; 152: 25–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gavins F NE, Dalli J, Flower R J, Granger D N, Perretti M. Activation of the annexin 1 counter-regulatory circuit affords protection in the mouse brain microcirculation. FASEB J 2007; 21: 1751–1758
   Google Scholar
• Ghabriel M N, Zhu C, Leigh C. Electron microscope study of blood-brain barrier opening induced by immunological targeting of the endothelial barrier antigen. Brain Res 2002; 934: 140–151
   Google Scholar
• Gidday J M, Park T S, Shah A R, Gonzales E R. Modulation of basal and postischemic leukocyte-endothelial adherence by nitric oxide. Stroke 1998; 29: 1423–1429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Amaro R, Sanchez-Madrid F. Intercellular adhesion molecules and chemotaxic factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol 2002; 35: 985–993
   Google Scholar
• Granger D N, Stokes K Y. Differential regulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease, WC Aird. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005; 229–243
   Google Scholar
• Hayward N J, Elliott P J, Sawyer S D, Bronson R T, Bartus R T. Lack of evidence for neutrophil participation during infarct formation following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Exp Neurol 1996; 139: 188–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henninger D D, Panes J, Eppihimer M, Russell J, Gerritsen M, Anderson D C, Granger D N. Cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in different organs of the mouse. J Immunol 1997; 158: 1825–1832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose F, Kiryu J, Miyamoto K, Nishijima K, Miyahara S, Katsuta H, Tamura H, Honda Y. In vivo evaluation of retinal injury after transient ischemia in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1098–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Upadhyay U M, Tamargo R J. Inflammation in stroke and focal cerebral ischemia. Surg Neurol 2006; 66: 232–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iadecola C, Alexander M. Cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14: 89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Cooper D, Arumugam T V, Zhang J H, Nanda A, Granger D N. Platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 907–915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Cooper D, Russell J, Salter J W, Zhang J H, Nanda A, Granger D N. Molecular determinants of the prothrombogenic and inflammatory phenotype assumed by the postischemic cerebral microcirculation. Stroke 2003; 34: 1777–1782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Sekizuka E, Oshio C, Sato S, Yamaguchi N, Terao S, Tsukada K, Minamitani H, Kawase T. Platelet adhesion and arteriolar dilation in the photothrombosis: observation with the rat closed cranial and spinal windows. J Neurol Sci 2002; 194: 59–69
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Sekizuka E, Sato S, Yamaguchi N, Inamasu J, Bertalanffy H, Kawase T, Iadecola C. Effects of moderate hypothermia on leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the rat pial microvasculature after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1999; 30: 1679–1686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Stokes K Y, Zhang J H, Nanda A, Granger D N. Cerebral microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia: roles of NADPH oxidase and P-selectin. Circ Res 2004; 94: 239–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Vowinkel T, Stokes K Y, Arumugam T V, Yilmaz G, Nanda A, Granger D N. CD40/CD40 ligand signaling in mouse cerebral microvasculature after focal ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 2005; 111: 1690–1696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James W G, Bullard D C, Hickey M J. Critical role of the alpha 4 integrin/VCAM-1 pathway in cerebral leukocyte trafficking in lupus-prone MRL/fas(lpr) mice. J Immunol 2003; 170: 520–527
   Google Scholar
• James W G, Hutchinson P, Bullard D C, Hickey M J. Cerebral leukocyte infiltration in lupus-prone MRL/MpJ-faslpr mice—roles of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144: 299–308
   Google Scholar
• Janzer R C, Lobrinus J A, Darekar P, Juillerat L. Astrocytes secrete a factor inducing the expression of HT7-protein and neurothelin in endothelial cells of chorioallantoic vessels. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 331: 217–221
   Google Scholar
• Jenner P, Olanow C W. The pathogenesis of cell death in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2006; 66: S24–S36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan S S, Park T S, Gonzales E R, Gidday J M. Hydroxyethyl starch reduces leukocyte adherence and vascular injury in the newborn pig cerebral circulation after asphyxia. Stroke 2000; 31: 2218–2223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul D K, Hebbel R P. Hypoxia/reoxygenation causes inflammatory response in transgenic sickle mice but not in normal mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 10: 411–420
   Google Scholar
• Kaul D K, Liu X D, Choong S, Belcher J D, Vercellotti G M, Hebbel R P. Anti-inflammatory therapy ameliorates leukocyte adhesion and microvascular flow abnormalities in transgenic sickle mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H293–H301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerfoot S M, Norman M U, Lapointe B M, Bonder C S, Zbytnuik L, Kubes P. Reevaluation of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin as targets for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006; 176: 6225–6234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanek P M, Hallenbeck J M. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke 1992; 23: 1367–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger D N. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4651–4655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusaka G, Ishikawa M, Nanda A, Granger D N, Zhang J H. Signaling pathways for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 916–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe B M, Herx L M, Gill V, Metz L M, Kubes P. IVIg therapy in brain inflammation: etiology-dependent differential effects on leukocyte recruitment. Brain 2004; 127: 2649–2656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrenson J G, Reid A R, Allt G. Molecular characteristics of pial microvessels of the rat optic nerve. Can pial microvessels be used as a model for the blood-brain barrier?. Cell Tissue Res 1997; 288: 259–265
   Google Scholar
• Lehmberg J, Beck J, Baethmann A, Uhl E. Effect of P-selectin inhibition on leukocyte-endothelium interaction and survival after global cerebral ischemia. J Neurol 2006; 253: 357–363
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Kubes P. Molecular mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment: organ-specific mechanisms of action. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzl S, Koedel U, Dirnagl U, Ruckdeschel G, Pfister H W. Imaging of leukocyte-endothelium interaction using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy during the early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 927–933
   Google Scholar
• Matsui N M, Borsig L, Rosen S D, Yaghmai M, Varki A, Embury S H. P-selectin mediates the adhesion of sickle erythrocytes to the endothelium. Blood 2001; 98: 1955–1962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayadas T N, Rosenkranz A, Cotran R S. Glomerular inflammation: use of genetically deficient mice to elucidate the roles of leukocyte adhesion molecules and Fc-gamma receptors in vivo. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1999; 8: 293–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minagar A, Jy W, Jimenez J J, Alexander J S. Multiple sclerosis as a vascular disease. Neurol Res 2006; 28: 230–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morganti-Kossmann M C, Rancan M, Stahel P F, Kossmann T. Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: a double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 101–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson R P, Jr. Bacterial meningitis and inflammation. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 369–373
   Google Scholar
• Panes J, Granger D N. Neutrophils generate oxygen free radicals in rat mesenteric microcirculation after abdominal irradiation. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 981–989
   Google Scholar
• Panes J, Perry M, Granger D N. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126: 537–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Yamaguchi M, Zhou C, Calvert J W, Tang J, Zhang J H. Neurovascular protection reduces early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004; 35: 2412–2417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park T S, Gonzales E R, Gidday J M. Platelet-activating factor mediates ischemia-induced leukocyte-endothelial adherence in newborn pig brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 417–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestigiacomo C J, Kim S C, Connolly E S, Jr., Liao H, Yan S F, Pinsky D J. CD18-mediated neutrophil recruitment contributes to the pathogenesis of reperfused but not nonreperfused stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 1110–1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencio J J, Vora N. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and inflammation: bench to bedside and back. Semin Neurol 2005; 25: 435–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodin J A, Thomas T N, Clark L, Garces A, Bryant M. In vivo cerebrovascular actions of amyloid beta-peptides and the protective effect of conjugated estrogens. J Alzheimers Dis 2003; 5: 275–286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rice G P, Hartung H P, Calabresi P A. Anti-alpha4 integrin therapy for multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and rationale. Neurology 2005; 64: 1336–1342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringheim G E, Szczepanik A M. Brain inflammation, cholesterol, and glutamate as interconnected participants in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12: 719–738
   Google Scholar
• Ritter L S, Orozco J A, Coull B M, McDonagh P F, Rosenblum W I. Leukocyte accumulation and hemodynamic changes in the cerebral microcirculation during early reperfusion after stroke. Stroke 2000; 31: 1153–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter L S, Stempel K M, Coull B M, McDonagh P F. Leukocyte-platelet aggregates in rat peripheral blood after ischemic stroke and reperfusion. Biol Res Nurs 2005; 6: 281–288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizk N N, Rafols J A, Dunbar J C. Cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis and necrosis in normal and diabetic rats: effects of insulin and C-peptide. Brain Res 2006; 1096: 204–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowin M E, Xue V, Irazuzta J. Hypothermia attenuates beta1 integrin expression on extravasated neutrophils in an animal model of meningitis. Inflammation 2001; 25: 137–144
   Google Scholar
• Russell J, Cooper D, Tailor A, Stokes K Y, Granger D N. Low venular shear rates promote leukocyte-dependent recruitment of adherent platelets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G123–G129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santizo R A, Anderson S, Ye S, Koenig H M, Pelligrino D A. Effects of estrogen on leukocyte adhesion after transient forebrain ischemia. Stroke 2000; 31: 2231–2235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz M J, Hickey M J, Johnston B, McCafferty D M, Raharjo E, Huang P L, Kubes P. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) regulates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in endothelial NOS deficient mice. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 305–312
   Google Scholar
• Sastre M, Klockgether T, Heneka M T. Contribution of inflammatory processes to Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanisms. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006; 24: 167–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter M, Jander S, Witte O W, Stoll G. Local immune responses in the rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 55: 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp C D, Jawahar A, Warren A C, Elrod J W, Nanda A, Alexander J S. Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin. Neurosurgery 2003; 53: 154–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimakura A, Kamanaka Y, Ikeda Y, Kondo K, Suzuki Y, Umemura K. Neutrophil elastase inhibition reduces cerebral ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res 2000; 858: 55–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shusta E V. Blood-brain barrier. Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease, WC Aird. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005; 33–63
   Google Scholar
• Soriano S G, Wang Y F, Wagner D D, Frenette P S. P- and E-selectin-deficient mice are susceptible to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res 1999; 835: 360–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanimirovic D, Shapiro A, Wong J, Hutchison J, Durkin J. The induction of ICAM-1 in human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (HCEC) by ischemia-like conditions promotes enhanced neutrophil/HCEC adhesion. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76: 193–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen B J, Butcher E C, Engelhardt B. Evidence for involvement of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in lymphocyte interaction with endothelium in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the central nervous system in the SJL/J mouse. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 189–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe I T, Smith H A, Stanimirovic D, Hutchison J S. Effects of moderate hypothermia on IL-1 beta-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in pial microcirculation of mice and on proinflammatory gene expression in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 21: 1310–1319
   Google Scholar
• Tailor A, Cooper D, Granger D N. Platelet-vessel wall interactions in the microcirculation. Microcirculation 2005; 12: 275–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima R, Kirsch J R, Koehler R C, Gomoll A W, Traystman R J. Monoclonal leukocyte antibody does not decrease the injury of transient focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Stroke 1992; 23: 247–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang T, Frenette P S, Hynes R O, Wagner D D, Mayadas T N. Cytokine-induced meningitis is dramatically attenuated in mice deficient in endothelial selectins. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2485–2490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuppo E E, Arias H R. The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 289–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turhan A, Weiss L A, Mohandas N, Coller B S, Frenette P S. Primary role for adherent leukocytes in sickle cell vascular occlusion: a new paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 3047–3051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachharajani V, Russell J M, Scott K L, Conrad S, Stokes K Y, Tallam L, Hall J, Granger D N. Obesity exacerbates sepsis-induced inflammation and microvascular dysfunction in mouse brain. Microcirculation 2005; 12: 183–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachharajani V, Vital S, Russell J, Scott L K, Granger D N. Glucocorticoids inhibit the cerebral microvascular dysfunction associated with sepsis in obese mice. Microcirculation 2006; 13: 477–487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Feuerstein G Z. Induced expression of adhesion molecules following focal brain ischemia. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 825–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson B D, Prado R, Veloso A, Brunschwig J P, Dietrich W D. Cerebral blood flow restoration and reperfusion injury after ultraviolet laser-facilitated middle cerebral artery recanalization in rat thrombotic stroke. Stroke 2002; 33: 428–434
   Google Scholar
• Wersinger C, Sidhu A. Inflammation and Parkinson's disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2002; 1: 221–242
   Google Scholar
• Westergaard E. Transport of microperoxidase across segments of cerebral arterioles under normal conditions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1980; 6: 267–277
   Google Scholar
• Wood K, Jawahar A, Smelley C, Mullapudi S, De Laune A, Nanda A, Granger D N. Exposure of brain to high-dose, focused gamma rays irradiation produces increase in leukocytes-adhesion and pavementing in small intracerebral blood vessels. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: 1282–1288
   Google Scholar
• Wood K, Russell J, Hebbel R P, Granger D N. Differential expression of E-and P-selectin in the microvasculature of sickle cell transgenic mice. Microcirculation 2004; 11: 377–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood K C, Hebbel R P, Granger D N. Endothelial cell P-selectin mediates a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype in cerebral venules of sickle cell transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286: H1608–H1614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood K C, Hebbel R P, Granger D N. Endothelial cell NADPH oxidase mediates the cerebral microvascular dysfunction in sickle cell transgenic mice. FASEB J 2005; 19: 989–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood K C, Hebbel R P, Lefer D J, Granger D N. Critical role of endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide synthase in sickle cell disease-induced microvascular dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40: 1443–1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response?. Nat Med 2006; 12: 1005–1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagata K, Tagami M, Nara Y, Mitani M, Kubota A, Fujino H, Numano F, Kato T, Yamori Y. Astrocyte-conditioned medium induces blood-brain barrier properties in endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997; 24: 710–713
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz G, Arumugam T V, Stokes K Y, Granger D N. Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-gamma in ischemic stroke. Circulation 2006; 113: 2105–2112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong T, Zheng M Q, Linthicum D S. Nicotine induces leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebral microcirculation of the mouse. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 80: 158–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Gaber M W, McColgan T, Naimark M D, Kiani M F, Merchant T E. Radiation-induced permeability and leukocyte adhesion in the rat blood-brain barrier: modulation with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. Brain Res 2003; 969: 59–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Goetz D J, Gaber M W, Issekutz A C, Merchant T E, Kiani M F. Radiation-induced up-regulation of adhesion molecules in brain microvasculature and their modulation by dexamethasone. Radiat Res 2005; 163: 544–551
   Google Scholar
• Zeller J A, Lenz A, Eschenfelder C C, Zunker P, Deuschl G. Platelet-leukocyte interaction and platelet activation in acute stroke with and without preceding infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1519–1523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R L, Chopp M, Zhang Z G, Phillips M L, Rosenbloom C L, Cruz R, Manning A. E-selectin in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 1126–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipp F, Aktas O. The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29: 518–527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar