Medical Problems Affecting Stroke Rehabilitation

References

• American College of Physicians. (1994). Guidelines for medical treatment for stroke prevention Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 54–55.
   Google Scholar
• Angelini, L., Ravelli, A., Caporali, R., & Martini, A. (1994). Antiphospholipid antibodies in children with idiopathic cerebral ischaemia. Lancet, 344, 1,232.
   Google Scholar
• Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. (1994). Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy. I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. British Medical Journal, 308, 81–106.
   Google Scholar
• Aspect Research Group. (1994). Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction. Lancet, 343, 499–503.
   Google Scholar
• Aster, R.H. (1995). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1,374–1,376.
   Google Scholar
• Bandelle, F., Vigano‘D’Angelo, S., Pariavecchia, M., et al. (1994). Hypercoagulability and high lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 72, 39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Barbui, T., Cortelazzo, S., Viero, P., et al. (1983). Throm- bohaemorrhagic complications in 101 cases of myelopro-liferative disorders: Relationship to platelet number and function. Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology, 19, 1,593–1,599.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, H.J.M., Eliasziw, M., & Meldrum, H.E. (1995). Drugs and surgery in the prevention of ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 238–248.
   Google Scholar
• Bottiger, L.E., Boman, G., Eklund, G., & Westerholm, B. (1980). Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease: Effects of lowering oestrogen content. Lancet, i, 1,097–1,101.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S.P., Morrisett, J.D., Boerwinkle, E., et al. (1993). The relation of lipoprotein(a) concentrations and apolipo- protein(a) phenotypes with asymptomatic atherosclerosis in subjects of the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 13, 1,558–1,566.
   Google Scholar
• Bums, P., Hoffman, C.J., Katz, J.P., et al. (1993). Vitamin Independent clotting factors are elevated in young adults who have close relatives with ischemic heart disease. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 122, 720–727.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, J.A. (1994). Oral anticoagulants or aspirin after myo-cardial infarction. Lancet, 343, 497–498.
   Google Scholar
• Camerlingo, M., Finazzi, G., Casto, L., et al. (1991). Inherited protein C deficiency and nonhemorrhagic arterial stroke in young adults. Neurology, 41, 1,371–1,373.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, M.E., Jr., & Zekert, S.L. (1991). Protein S and C4B- binding protein levels in young patients with stroke: Impli-cations for protein S regulation. Blood, 78, 213a.
   Google Scholar
• Catto, A., Carter, A., Ireland, H.,et al. (1995). Fac tor V Leiden gene mutation and thrombin generation in relation to the development of acute stroke. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 15, 783–785.
   Google Scholar
• Charache, S., Lubin, B., & Reid, C.D. (1992). Management and therapy of sickle cell disease (Publication No. 922117). Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Clagett, G.P., Anderson, F.A., Jr., Heit, J., Levine, M.N., & Wheeler, H.B. (1995). Prevention of venous thromboem-bolism. Chest, 70S(Suppl.), 312S-334S.
   Google Scholar
• Clagett, G.P., Anderson, F.A., Jr., Levine, M.N., Salzman, E.W., & Wheeler, H.B. (1992). Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest, 102,(Supph), 391S-407S.
   Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women. (1973). Oral contraception and increased risk of cerebral ischemia or thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 288, 871–878.
   Google Scholar
• Colombi, M., Radaelli, F., Zocchi, L., & Maiolo, A.T. (1991). Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in essential thrombocythemia. Cancer, 67, 2,926–2,930.
   Google Scholar
• Cortelazzo, S., Finazzi, G., Ruggeri, M., et al. (1995). Hy-droxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1,132–1,136.
   Google Scholar
• Cortellaro, M., Cofrancesco, E., Boschetti, C, et al. (1993). Increased fibrin turnover and high PAI-1 activity as predic-tors of ischemic events in atherosclerotic patients. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 13, 1,412–1,417.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlback, B. (1995). Molecular genetics of thrombophilia: Factor V gene mutation causing resistance to activated protein C asa basis of the hypercoagulable state. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 125, 566–571.
   Google Scholar
• Di Minno, G., & Mancini, M. (1990). Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction. Arteriosclerosis, 10, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, E., & Resch, K.L. (1993). Fibrinogen as a cardiovascu-lar risk factor: A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Annals of Internal Medicine, 118, 956–963.
   Google Scholar
• Esmon, C.T., (1994). Clinical and physiological manifesta-tions of the protein C anticoagulant pathway. In D. Green (Ed.), Anticoagulants: Physiologic, Pathologic, and Pharmacologic. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Folsom, A.R., Wu, K.K., Shahar, E., et al. (1993). Association of hemostatic variables with prevalent cardiovascular disease and asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 13, 1,829–1,836.
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth, P.D., & Dolan, G. (1995). Activated protein C resistance in cases of cerebral infarction. Lancet, 345, 795.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, R.B., Jr., & Johnson, C.S. (1991). Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease: Current concepts and unanswered questions. Blood, 77, 1,405–1,414.
   Google Scholar
• Franken, D.G., Boers, G.H.J., Blom, HJ., Trijbels, F.J.M., & Kloppenborg, P.W.C. (1994). Treatment of mild hyper- homocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 14, 465–470.
   Google Scholar
• Fuster, V., Badimon, L., Badimon, J.J., & Chesebro, J.H. (1992). The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 242–250; 310–318.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, K.S., Liang, M.H., Newcomer, L., et al. (1992). Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 997–1,002.
   Google Scholar
• Glueck, G.J., Rorick, M.H., Schmerler, M., et al. (1995). Hypofibrinolytic and atherogenic risk factors for stroke. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 125, 319–325.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D., Otoya, J., Oriba, H., & Rovner, R. (1992). Protein S deficiency in middle-aged women with stroke. Neurology, 42, 1,029–1,033.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D., & Scott, J.P. (1986). Is sickle cell crisis a throm-botic event? American Journal of Hematology, 23, 317–321.
   Google Scholar
• Hamsten, A., Wiman, B., Faire, U., & Blomback, M. (1985). Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plas-minogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarc-tion. New England Journal of Medicine, 313, 1,557–1,563.
   Google Scholar
• Harker, L.A., Ross, R., Slichter, S.J., & Scott, C.R. (1976). Homocysteine-induced arteriosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 58, 731–741.
   Google Scholar
• Harpel, P.C., Chang, V.T., & Borth, W. (1992). Homocys-teine and other sulfhydryl compounds enhance the binding of lipoprotein(a) to fibrin: A potential biochemical link between thrombosis, atherogenesis, and sulfhydryl com-pound metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 10,193–10,197.
   Google Scholar
• Havel, R.J., & Rapaport, E. (1995). Management of primary hyperlipidemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1,491–1,498.
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T., Honda, G., & Suzuki, K. (1992). An atherogenic stimulus homocysteine inhibits cofactor activity of thrombomodulin and enhances thrombomodulin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blood, 79, 2,930–2,936.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, C.J., Miller, R.H., Lawson, W.E., & Hultin, M.B. (1989). Elevation of factor VII activity and mass in young adults at risk of ischemic heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14, 941–946.
   Google Scholar
• Jabaily, J., Hand, H.J., Laszlo, J., et al. (1983). Neurologic manifestations of essential thrombocythemia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 99, 513–518.
   Google Scholar
• Kaku, D.A., & Lowenstein, D.H. (1990). Emergence of rec-reational drug abuse as a major risk factor for stroke in young adults. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113, 821–827.
   Google Scholar
• Key, N.S. (1995). Toward an understanding of the patho-physiologic mechanism of thrombosis in the antiphos-pholipid antibody syndrome. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 125, 16–17.
   Google Scholar
• Khamashta, M.A., Cuadrado, M.J., Mujic, F., et al. (1995). The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid- antibody syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 993–997.
   Google Scholar
• Kontula, K., Yikorkata, A., Miettinen, H., et al. (1995). Arg506Gln factor V mutation (factor V Leiden) in patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and survivors of myocardial infarction. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 73, 558–560.
   Google Scholar
• Kwaan, H.C. (1987). Thrombotic microangiopathy. Seminars in Hematology, 24, 71–201.
   Google Scholar
• Lawn, R.M. (1991). The structure and evolution of apolipo- protein(a). Annals of Internal Medicine, 115, 209–218.
   Google Scholar
• Loscalzo, J. (1990). Lipoprotein (a): A unique risk factor for atherothrombotic disease. Arteriosclerosis, 10, 672–679.
   Google Scholar
• Magnani, H.N. (1993). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): An overview of 230 patients treated with Orgaran (QRG10172). Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 70, 554–561.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, R.B., Stroneck, D.F., & Campbell, A.C. (1993). Recurrent pancytopenia, coagulopathy, and renal failure associated with multiple quinine-dependent antibodies. Annals of Internal Medicine 119, 215–217.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S.T., Robertson, D., Turner, J.J., Hawkey, C.J., & Macey, D.J. (1977). Low dose heparin as a prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis after acute stroke. Lancet, ii, 800–801.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, K.J., Hoagland, H.C., Silverstein, M.N., & Petitt, R.M. (1991). Essential thrombocythemia in young adults. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 66, 149–154.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, T.W., Cooper, J., Miller, G.J., et al. (1991). Anti-thrombin III and arterial disease. Lancet, 338, 850–851.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, T.W., Mellows, S., Brozovic, M., et al. (1986). Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: Principal results of the Northwick Park heart study. Lancet, 2, 533–537.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, T.W., Ruddock, V., Stirling, Y., et al. (1993). Fibrin-olytic activity, clotting factors, and long-term incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet, 342, 1,076–1,079.
   Google Scholar
• Moake, J.L. (1991). TTP-desperation, empiricism, progress. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 426–428.
   Google Scholar
• Muir, K.W., Squire, I.B., Alwan, W., & Lees, K.R. (1994). Anticardiolipin antibodies in an unselected stroke popula-tion. Lancet, 344, 452–456.
   Google Scholar
• Pasi, K.J., Perry, D.J., & Lee, C.A. (1995). Thromboembo-lism and the combined oral contraceptive pill. Lancet, 345, 1,437.
   Google Scholar
• Powars, D., Wilson, B., Imbus, C, Pegelow, C., & Allen, J. (1978). The natural history of stroke in sickle cell disease. American Journal of Medicine, 65, 461–471.
   Google Scholar
• Resch, K.L., Ernst, E., Matrai, A., & Paulsen, H.F. (1992). Fibrinogen and viscosity as risk factors for subsequent cardiovascular events in stroke survivors. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 371–375.
   Google Scholar
• Retzinger, G.S. (1995). Adsorption and coagulability of fi-brinogen on atheromatous lipid surfaces. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 15, 786–792.
   Google Scholar
• Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Lindpaintner, K., et al. (1995). Mutation in the gene coding for coagulation factor V and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 912–917.
   Google Scholar
• Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Stampfer, M.J., et al. (1994). Prospective study of endogenous tissue plasminogen acti-vator and risk of stroke. Lancet, 343, 940–943.
   Google Scholar
• Rock, G.A., Shumak, K.H., Buskard, N.A., et al. (1991). Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 393–397.
   Google Scholar
• Rouy, D., Grailhe, P., Nigon, F., et al. (1991). Lipoprotein(a) impairs generation of plasmin by fibrin-bound tissue-type plasminogen activator. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 11, 629–638.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggeri, Z.M. (1993). Mechanisms of shear-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 70, 119–123.
   Google Scholar
• Sacco, R.L., Owen, J., Mohr, J.P., et al. (1989). Free protein S deficiency: A possible association with cerebrovascular occlusion. Stroke, 20, 1,657–1,661.
   Google Scholar
• Scanu, A.M. (1991). Lipoprotein(a) as a dual cardiovascular pathogen: An overview. Annals of Internal Medicine, 115, 209–218.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, A.I. (1985). The hypercoagulable states. Annals of Internal Medicine, 102, 814–828.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, H.P., & von Felten, A. (1989). Protein S deficiency in young patients with thrombotic cerebral stroke. Schweizerische Medizinsche Wochenschrifi, 199, 489–492.
   Google Scholar
• Selhub, J., Jacques, P.F., Bostom, A.G., et al. (1995). Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 286–291.
   Google Scholar
• Sie, P., Boneu, B., Bierme, R., et al. (1989). Arterial thrombosis and protein S deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 62, 1,040.
   Google Scholar
• Stampfer, M.J., & Malinow, M.R. (1995). Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce cardiovascular risk? New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 328–329.
   Google Scholar
• Stampfer, M.J., Malinow, M.R., Willett, W.C., et al. (1992). A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA, 268, 877–881.
   Google Scholar
• Stockman, J.A., Nigro, M.A., Mishkin, M.M., & Oski, F.A. (1972). Occlusion of large cerebral vessels in sickle-cell anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 287, 846–849. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. (1992a). Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: I. Clinical features of patients at risk. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. (1992b). Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrilla-tion: II. Echocardiographic features of patients at risk. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116, 6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, S.G., Kienast, J., Pyke, S.D.M., et al. (1995). Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 635–641.
   Google Scholar
• Turpie, A.G., Gent, M., Laupacis, A., et al. ( 1993). A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 524–529.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke, J.P., Koster, T., Briet, E., et al. (1994). Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet, 344, 1,453–1,457.
   Google Scholar
• Vermylen, J., & Amout, J. (1992). Is the antiphospholipid syndrome caused by antibodies directed against physi-ologically relevant phospholipid-protein complexes? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 120, 10–12.
   Google Scholar
• Virchow, R. (1856). Thrombosis and embolism. In Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medizin. Frankfurt a.M.
   Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein, A., Malinow, M.R., Upson, B., et al. (1994). Effects of age, lipoproteins, and hemostatic parameters on the role ofhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in men. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 14, 460–464.
   Google Scholar
• Warlow, C., Ogston, D., & Douglas, A.S. (1972). Venous thrombosis following strokes. Lancet, i, 1,305–1,306.
   Google Scholar
• Wayne, A.S., Kevy, S.V., & Nathan, D.G. (1993). Transfusion management of sickle cell disease. Blood, 81, 1,109–1,123.
   Google Scholar