Combining therapeutic approaches: rTMS and aerobic exercise in post-stroke depression: a case series

References

• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update. Circulation. 2015;131(4):434–441.10.1161/CIR.0000000000000157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokk J, Delbari A. Management of depression in elderly stroke patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:539–549.10.2147/NDT
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202(1):14–21.10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, Anderson CS. Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1330–1340.10.1161/01.STR.0000165928.19135.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlubaev MA, Hackett ML. Part II: predictors of depression after stroke and impact of depression on stroke outcome: an updated systematic review of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(8):1026–1036.10.1111/ijs.12356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton SL, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Explanatory factors for the increased mortality of stroke patients with depression. Neurology. 2014;83(22):2007–2012.10.1212/WNL.0000000000001029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905–1917.10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden D, Rush A, Trivedi M, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007;9(6):449–459.10.1007/s11920-007-0061-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A, Xia J. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4): CD003437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208–1216.10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etribi AE, Nahas NE, Nagy N, Nabil H. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in post stroke depression. Curr Psychiatr. 2010;17(1):9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Tateno A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(4):398–405.10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BR, Kim DY, Chun MH, Yi JH, Kwon JS. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition and mood in stroke patients: a double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89(5):362–368.10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181d8a5b1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation between efficacy and stimulation intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27(4):638–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie J, Chen J, Wei Q. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: a meta-analysis of stimulus parameter effects. Neurol Res. 2013;35(10):1084–1091.10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira H, Moraes H, Oliveira N, Coutinho ES, Laks J, Deslandes A. Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;67(2):61–68.10.1159/000345160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;77:42–51.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO. Exercise treatment for depression: Efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(1):1–8.10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO. The DOSE study: a clinical trial to examine efficacy and dose response of exercise as treatment for depression. Control Clin Trials. 2002;23(5):584–603.10.1016/S0197-2456(02)00226-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9): CD004366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG. Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(06):496–508.10.1017/S1092852913000953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng JJ, Reime B. Exercise for depressive symptoms in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(8):731–739.10.1177/0269215514523631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luft AR, Macko RF, Forrester LW, et al. Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3341–3350.10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K. Williams JBW, the patient health questionnaire primary care study group. Validataion and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD; the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–1744.10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann. 2002;32(9):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LS, Brizendine EJ, Plue L, et al. Performance of the PHQ-9 as a screening tool for depression after stroke. Stroke. 2005;36(3):635–638.10.1161/01.STR.0000155688.18207.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner A, Hambridge J, White J, et al. Depression screening in stroke: A comparison of alternative measures with the structured diagnostic interview for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (major depressive episode) as criterion standard. Stroke. 2012;43(4):1000–1005.10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.643296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Man-van Ginkel JM, Gooskens F, Schepers VP, Schuurmans MJ, Lindeman E, Hafsteinsdottir TB. Screening for poststroke depression using the patient health questionnaire. Nurs Res. 2012;61(5):333–341.10.1097/NNR.0b013e31825d9e9e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613.10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmback AM, Downham D, Patten C, Lexell J. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(2):75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI. The balance scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(1):27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Blom J, Brogardh C. The reproducibility of berg balance scale and the single-leg stance in chronic stroke and the relationship between the two tests. PM R. 2012;4(3):165–170.10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.11.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mao HF, Hsueh IP, Tang PF, Sheu CF, Hsieh CL. Analysis and comparison of the psychometric properties of three balance measures for stroke patients. Stroke. 2002;33(4):1022–1027.10.1161/01.STR.0000012516.63191.C5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;83(Suppl 2):S7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan A, Mengulluoglu M, Ozgirgin N. Evaluation of the effect of ankle-foot orthosis use on balance and mobility in hemiparetic stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(15–16):1433–1439.10.3109/09638288.2010.533243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Post RM. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for acute treatment of medication-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(4):356–364.10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath JC, Mathews J, Demitrack MA, Pascual-Leone A. The NeuroStar TMS device: conducting the FDA approved protocol for treatment of depression. J Vis Exp. 2010;(45):e2345.
   Google Scholar
• George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport. 1995;6(14):1853–1856.10.1097/00001756-199510020-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, et al. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2206–2211.10.1161/01.STR.0000181076.91805.89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg G. Psychophysical bases of percieved exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;14(5):377–381.
   Google Scholar
• Tang A, Eng JJ, Rand D. Relationship between perceived and measured changes in walking after stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2012;36(3):115–121.10.1097/NPT.0b013e318262dbd0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: “walking speed: the sixth vital sign”. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(2):2–5.10.1519/00139143-200932020-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilson JK, Sullivan kJ, Cen SY, et al. Meaningful gait speed improvement during the first 60 days poststroke: minimal clinically important difference. Phys Ther. 2010;90(2):196–208.10.2522/ptj.20090079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyunt MS, Lim ML, Yap KB, Ng TP. Changes in depressive symptoms and functional disability among community-dwelling depressive older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(10):1633–1641.10.1017/S1041610212000890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JJ, Neitzke DJ, Khouri G, et al. A pilot study to investigate the induction and manipulation of learned helplessness in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(3):631–637.10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar