Factors associated with 1-year mortality after discharge for acute stroke: what matters?

References

• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–322. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravata DM, Ho SY, Meehan TP, Brass LM, Concato J. Readmission and death after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke: 5-year follow-up in the Medicare population. Stroke. 2007;38:1899–1904. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.481465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Reeves MJ, et al. Get with the guidelines Steering Committee and Hospitals. Hospital-level variation in mortality and rehospitalization for Medicare beneficiaries with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42:159–166. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.601831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshminarayan K, Schissel C, Anderson DC, et al. Five-year rehospitalization outcomes in a cohort of patients with acute ischemic stroke: medicare linkage study. Stroke. 2011;42:1556–1562. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.605600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian Y, Holloway RG, Chan PS, et al. Association between stroke center hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke and mortality. JAMA. 2011;305:373–380. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelros P, Nydevik I, Viitanen M. Poor outcome after first-ever stroke: predictors for death, dependency, and recurrent stroke within the first year. Stroke. 2003;34:122–126. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000047852.05842.3C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates BE, Xie D, Kwong PL, Kurichi JE, Ripley DC, Stineman MG. One-year all-cause mortality after stroke: a prediction model. PM&R. 2014;6:473–483. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Sandel ME, Terdiman J, et al. Postacute care and ischemic stroke mortality: findings from an integrated health care system in Northern California. PM R. 2011;3:686–694. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.028.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Hospital Compare. Medicare.gov web site. https://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/search.html. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• New York State. All payer in-hospital/30-day acute stroke mortality rates by hospital (SPARCS): beginning 2013. New York State web site. https://health.data.ny.gov/Health/All-Payer-In-Hospital-30-Day-Acute-Stroke-Mortalit/r29i-yr49/about. Updated February 9, 2017. Accessed October 14, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Fonarow GC, Saver JL, Smith EE, et al. Relationship of National Institutes of health stroke scale to 30-day mortality in Medicare beneficiaries with acute ischemic stroke. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:42–50. doi:10.1161/JAHA.111.000034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman JH, Jones SB, Wang Y, Watanabe E, Leifheit-Limson E, Goldstein LB. Outcomes after ischemic stroke for hospitals with and without joint commission-certified Primary Stroke Centers. Neurology. 2011;76:1976–1982. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821e54f3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman JH, Jones SB, Leifheit-Limson EC, Wang Y, Goldstein LB. 30-day mortality and readmission after hemorrhagic stroke among Medicare beneficiaries in joint commission primary stroke center-certified and noncertified hospitals. Stroke. 2011;42:3387–3391. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.622613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian Y, Holloway RG, Noyes K, Shah MN, Friedman B. Racial differences in mortality among patients with acute ischemic stroke: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:152–159. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian F, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in outcomes in older patients with acute ischemic stroke. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:284–292. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B, et al. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke. 2005;36:e100–43. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000180861.54180.FF.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC). Report to the Congress: medicare payment policy. MedPAC web site. http://www.medpac.gov/docs/default-source/reports/Mar11_EntireReport.pdf?sfvrsn=0. Published March 2011. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kane RL, Chen Q, Finch M, Blewett L, Burns R, Moskowitz M. Functional outcomes of posthospital care for stroke and hip fracture patients under Medicare. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:1525–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan L, Sandel ME, Jette AM, et al. Does postacute care site matter? A longitudinal study assessing functional recovery after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:622–629. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.09.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kind AJH, Smith MA, Frytak JR, Finch MD. Bouncing back: patterns and predictors of complicated transitions 30 days after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:365–373. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01091.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boninger JW, Gans BM, Chan L. Patient protection and affordable care act: potential effects on physical medicine and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:929–934. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.03.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Post-acute care payment reform demonstration (PAC-PRD). 2012. http://www.cms.gov/Reports/Downloads/Flood_PACPRD_RTC_CMS_Report_Jan_2012.pdf Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, J, Bettger, JP, Sicklick, A, et al. Use of a standardized assessment to predict rehabilitation care after acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:210–217. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health. Search hospitals by designation. New York State Department of Health web site. https://profiles.health.ny.gov/hospital/designated_centers/Stroke+Center. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Schwamm LH, Fonarow GC, Reeves MJ, et al. Get With the Guidelines–stroke is associated with sustained improvement in care for patients hospitalized with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack. Circulation. 2009;119:107–115. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.783688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn TJ, Dawson J, Walters MR, Lees KR. Reliability of the modified Rankin Scale: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009;40:3393–3395. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.528760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975;23:433–441. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health. Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) overview. New York State Department of Health web site. https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/sparcs/. Updated June 2016. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health. Vital statistics of New York State. New York State Department of Health web site. https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/. Updated June 2017. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chesapeake IRB Exempt Determination, June 9 2014. The northeast cerebrovascular consortium, stroke outcomes: the role of discharge destination in a general stroke population, PRO-00009899.
   Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health, Date Use and Study Approval, November 20th 2014. #14–925.
   Google Scholar
• Rangaraju S, Frankel M, Jovin TG. Prognostic value of the 24-hour neurological examination in anterior circulation ischemic stroke: A post hoc analysis of two randomized controlled stroke trials. Interventional Neurology. 2016;4:120–129. doi:10.1159/000443801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman JM, Donoso Brown E, Chan L, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR. Change in inpatient rehabilitation admissions for individuals with traumatic brain injury after implementation of the Medicare inpatient rehabilitation facility prospective payment system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:1305–1312. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counsell C, Dennis M, McDowall M, Warlow C. Predicting outcome after acute and subacute stroke: development and validation of new prognostic models. Stroke. 2002;33:1041–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid JM, Dai D, Delmonte S, Counsell C, Phillips SJ, MacLeod MJ. Five-simple-variables risk score predicts good and devastating outcome after stroke. Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;2:2.
   Google Scholar
• Bowling CB, Booth JN 3rd, Gutiérrez OM, et al. Nondisease-specific problems and all-cause mortality in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:739–746. doi:10.1111/jgs.12214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenmuir CL, Hammer M, Jovin T, Reddy V, Wechsler L, Jadhav A. Predictors of outcome in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke and mild stroke scale scores. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24:1685–1689. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Brufau S, Manning DM, Borrud A, et al. I-MOVE: inpatient pre-discharge mobility score as a predictor of post-discharge mortality. J Clin Outcomes Manage. 2016;23:303–310.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu HT, Wang YH, Jeng JS, Chen BB, Pan SL. Effect of functional status on survival in patients with stroke: is independent ambulation a key determinant? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:527–531. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Pan WH, Lee MC, Cheng SP, Chang MC. Predictors of survival among elders suffering strokes in Taiwan: observation from a nationally representative sample. Stroke. 2000;31:2354–2360. doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convertino VA. Cardiovascular consequences of bed rest: effect on maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:191–196. doi:10.1097/00005768-199702000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon NF, Gulanick M, Costa F, et al. American Heart Association Council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention; the council on cardiovascular nursing; the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the stroke council. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention; the council on cardiovascular nursing; the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the stroke council. Stroke. 2004;35:1230–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles KH, Holmes JH, Ratcliffe SJ, Liberatore M, Nydick R, Naylor MD. Factors identified by experts to support decision making for post acute referral. Nurs Res. 2009;58:115–122. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e31818c3df5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornette P, Swine C, Malhomme B, Gillet JB, Meert P, D’Hoore W. Early evaluation of the risk of functional decline following hospitalization of older patients: development of a predictive tool. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16:203–208. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saposnik G, Kapral MK, Liu Y, et al. Investigators of the registry of the canadian stroke network; Stroke Outcomes Research Canada (SORCan) Working Group. IScore: a risk score to predict death early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2011;123:739–749. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MD+CALC. THRIVE score of stroke outcome. MD+CALC web site. https://www.mdcalc.com/thrive-score-stroke-outcome. Accessed January 5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton TC, Lubsen J, Pocock SJ, et al. Risk score for predicting death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with stable angina, based on a large randomized trial cohort of patients. BMJ. 2005;331:86. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7510.183.
   Google Scholar