References
- GBD. DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2017;2018:(392). 1859‐1922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3.
- GBD. Causes of death collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2017;2018:(392). 1736‐1788. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7.
- Takashima N, Arima H, Kita Y, et al. Incidence, management and short-term outcome of stroke in a general population of 1.4 Million Japanese- Shiga stroke registry. Circ J. 2017;81:1636‐1646. doi:https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0177.
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Outline of patient statistics in Japan (2017). Accessed May 2, 2020. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/17/index.html
- Pollock A, Baer G, Campbell P, et al. Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(4):CD001920. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001920.pub3.
- Baker PS, Bodner EV, Allman RM. Measuring life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1610‐1614. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51512.x.
- Shimada H, Sawyer P, Harada K, et al. Predictive validity of the classification schema for functional mobility tests in instrumental activities of daily living decline among older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:241‐246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.027.
- Portegijs E, Rantakokko M, Viljanen A, Sipilä S, Rantanen T. Identification of older people at risk of ADL disability using the life-space assessment: a longitudinal cohort study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:410‐414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.12.010.
- Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ. Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke. 1995;26:982‐989. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.26.6.982.
- Lord SE, McPherson K, McNaughton HK, Rochester L, Weatherall M. Community ambulation after stroke: how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:234‐239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2003.05.002.
- van de Port IG, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Community ambulation in patients with chronic stroke: how is it related to gait speed? J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:23‐27. doi:https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0114.
- Tashiro H, Isho T, Takeda T, Nakamura T, Kozuka N, Hoshi F. Life-space mobility and relevant factors in community-dwelling individuals with stroke in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Prog Rehabil Med. 2019;4:20190014. doi:https://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20190014.
- Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100:126–131.
- Saunders DH, Greig CA, Mead GE. Physical activity and exercise after stroke: review of multiple meaningful benefits. Stroke. 2014;45:3742‐3747. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.004311.
- Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, et al. American heart association stroke council; Council on cardiovascular and stroke nursing; Council on lifestyle and cardiometabolic health; Council on epidemiology and prevention; council on clinical cardiology. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2532‐2553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000022.
- Moore SA, Hallsworth K, Jakovljevic DG, et al. Effects of Community exercise therapy on metabolic, brain, physical, and cognitive function following stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015;29:623‐635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968314562116.
- Graven C, Brock K, Hill K, Joubert L. Are rehabilitation and/or care co-ordination interventions delivered in the community effective in reducing depression, facilitating participation and improving quality of life after stroke? Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:1501‐1520. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.542874.
- Eng JJ, Lomaglio MJ, Macintyre DL. Muscle torque preservation and physical activity in individuals with stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:1353‐1360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819aaad1.
- Waddell KJ, Strube MJ, Bailey RR, et al. Does task-specific training improve upper limb performance in daily life poststroke? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017;31:290–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968316680493.
- Wattmo C, Minthon L, Wallin ÅK. Mild versus moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease: three-year outcomes in a routine clinical setting of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2016;8:7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-016-0174-1.
- Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al. STROBE initiative. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg. 2014;12:1500–1524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014.
- Harada K, Shimada H, Sawyer P, et al. Life-Space of community-dwelling older adults using preventive health care services in Japan and the validity of composite scoring methods for assessment. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2010;57:526–537.
- Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.
- Brunnstrom S. Motor testing procedures in hemiplegia: based on sequential recovery stages. Phys Ther. 1966;46:357–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/46.4.357.
- Blum L, Korner-Bitensky N. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2008;88(5):559–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070205.
- Fulk GD, Echternach JL, Nof L, O’Sullivan S. Clinometric properties of the six-minute walk test in individuals undergoing rehabilitation poststroke. Physiother Theory Pract. 2008;24:195–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09593980701588284.
- Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. ‘Mini-mental state’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
- Wilson B, Cockburn J, Halligan P. Development of a behavioral test of visuospatial neglect. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:98–102.
- Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1025–1029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90063-5.
- Akosile CO, Anukam GO, Johnson OE, et al. Fear of falling and quality of life of apparently-healthy elderly individuals from a Nigerian population. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2014;29(2):201–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-014-9228-7.
- Ottenbacher KJ, Hsu Y, Granger CV, Fiedler RC. The reliability of the functional independence measure: a quantitative review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1226–1232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90184-7.
- Kurimoto A, Awata S, Asayama K, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the abbreviated lubben social network scale. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2011;48(2):149–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.48.149.
- Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25:80–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03.
- Vanroy C, Vissers D, Vanlandewijck Y, et al. Physical activity in chronic home-living and sub-acute hospitalized stroke patients using objective and self-reported measures. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016;23:98‐105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2015.1116227.
- Mansfield A, Wong JS, Bryce J, et al. Use of accelerometer-based feedback of walking activity for appraising progress with walking-related goals in inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a randomied controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015;29:847‐857. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968314567968.
- Yang YN, Kim BR, Uhm KE, et al. Life space assessment in stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41:761‐768. doi:https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.5.761.
- Oh-Park M, Hung C, Chen P, Barrett AM. Severity of spatial neglect during acute inpatient rehabilitation predicts community mobility after stroke. Pm R. 2014;6:716‐722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.01.002.
- Askim T, Bernhardt J, Salvesen O, Indredavik B. Physical activity early after stroke and its association to functional outcome 3 months later. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(5):e305–e312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.12.011.
- Hokstad A, Indredavik B, Bernhardt J, et al. Upright activity within the first week after stroke is associated with better functional outcome and health-related quality of life: A Norwegian multi-site study. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(3):280–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2051.