Part of the Problem? The Eurasian Economic Union and Environmental Challenges in the Former Soviet Union

References

• Adesina, K. S., and J. W. M. Mwamba. 2019. “Does Economic Freedom Matter for CO2 Emissions? Lessons from Africa.” The Journal of Developing Areas 53 (3): 155–67. doi:10.1353/jda.2019.0044.
   Google Scholar
• Aidt, T. S., and M. Gassebner. 2010. “Do Autocratic States Trade Less?” The World Bank Economic Review 24 (1): 38–76. doi:10.1093/wber/lhp022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiman, N., S. Gulnaz, and M. Alena. 2018. “The Characteristics of Pollution in the Big Industrial Cities of Kazakhstan by the Example of Almaty.” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 16 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1007/s40201-018-0299-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akopova, E., A. Nursapa, and I. Kuderin. 2018. “Current Environmental Problems in Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18 (4): 529–39. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9402-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleksiayenak, Y., and M. Frontasyeva. 2019. “A Ten-Year Biomonitoring Study of Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements at the Territory of the Republic of Belarus.” Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26 (3): 455–64. doi:10.1515/eces-2019-0034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antiufeeva, T., O. Baryshnikova, and N. Kandrina. 2019. “Legal Regulation of the Cross-border Environmental Management of the Russian Federation with the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union.” International Conference on Sustainable Development of Cross-Border Regions: Economic, Social and Security Challenges (ICSDCBR 2019), 557–60. Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation, Atlantis Press, November.
   Google Scholar
• Arias, E., J. R. Hollyer, and B. P. Rosendorff. 2018. “Cooperative Autocracies: Leader Survival, Creditworthiness, and Bilateral Investment Treaties.” American Journal of Political Science 62 (4): 905–21. doi:10.1111/ajps.12383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, S., and K. Graddy. 2000. “Freedom, Growth, and the Environment.” Environment and Development Economics 5 (4): 433–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bernauer, T., and V. Koubi. 2009. “Political Determinants of Environmental Quality.” Ecological Economics 68 (5): 1355–65. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand, M., E. Duflo, and S. Mullainathan. 2004. “How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-differences Estimates?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (1): 249–75. doi:10.1162/003355304772839588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilyalova, Z., N. Igissinov, M. Moore, S. Igissinov, S. Sarsenova, and Z. Khassenova. 2012. “Epidemiological Evaluation of Breast Cancer in Ecological Areas of Kazakhstan-Association with Pollution Emissions.” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 13 (5): 2341–44. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.5.2341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bøås, M. 2000. “The Trade‐Environment Nexus and the Potential of Regional Trade Institutions.” New Political Economy 5 (3): 415–32. doi:10.1080/713687781.
   Google Scholar
• Borodin, K., and A. Strokov. 2015. “The Customs Union in the CIS.” Journal of Economic Integration 30 (2): 334. doi:10.11130/jei.2015.30.2.334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers, S. R. 1993. “Soviet and Post-Soviet Environmental Problems.” Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 18: 131–58.
   Google Scholar
• Carmin, J., and A. Fagan. 2010. “Environmental Mobilisation and Organisations in Post-socialist Europe and the Former Soviet Union.” Environmental Politics 19 (5): 689–707. doi:10.1080/09644016.2010.508300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniwchan, J., B. R. Copeland, and M. S. Taylor. 2017. “Trade and the Environment: New Methods, Measurements, and Results.” Annual Review of Economics 9: 59–85. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, L. J., H. Voss, and J. A. Tardios. 2018. “The Autocratic Advantage: Internationalization of State-Owned Multinationals.” Journal of World Business 53 (5): 668–81. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2018.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coase, R. H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44. doi: 10.1086/466560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, M. 2003. “Development, Trade, and the Environment: How Robust Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve?” Environment and Development Economics 8 (4): 557–80. doi:10.1017/S1355770X0300305.
   Google Scholar
• Congleton, R. 1992. “Political Institutions and Pollution Control.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 74 (3): 412–21. doi:10.2307/2109485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. 1994. “North-South Trade and the Environment.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (3): 755–87. doi:10.2307/2118421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. 2004. “Trade, Growth, and the Environment.” Journal of Economic Literature 42 (1): 7–71. doi:10.1257/.42.1.7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coumel, L., and M. Elie. 2013. “A Belated and Tragic Ecological Revolution: Nature, Disasters, and Green Activists in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet States, 1960s-2010s.” The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 40 (2): 157–65. doi:10.1163/18763324-04002005.
   Google Scholar
• Coursey, D., and C.A. Hartwell. 2000. “Environmental and Public Health Outcomes: An International and Historical Comparison.” Harris School of Public Policy Working Paper No. 0010, University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, C., and K. Kuralbayeva. 2001. “Energy and the Environment in Kazakhstan.” Energy Policy 29 (6): 429–40. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00137-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das Neves Almeida, T. A., and I. M. García-Sánchez. 2017. “Sociopolitical and Economic Elements to Explain the Environmental Performance of Countries.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (3): 3006–26. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8061-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disdier, A. C., L. Fontagné, and M. Mimouni. 2008. “The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from the SPS and TBT Agreements.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 90 (2): 336–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.01127.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doolotkeldieva, T., M. Konurbaeva, and S. Bobusheva. 2018. “Microbial Communities in Pesticide-Contaminated Soils in Kyrgyzstan and Bioremediation Possibilities.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25 (32): 31848–62. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0048-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragneva, R., and C. A. Hartwell. 2021. “The Eurasian Economic Union: Integration without Liberalisation?” Post-Communist Economies 33 (2–3): 200–21. doi:10.1080/14631377.2020.1793586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragneva, R., and K. Wolczuk, eds. 2013. Eurasian Economic Integration: Law, Policy and Politics. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Eurasian Development Bank. 2012. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Macroeconomic Effects of Various Forms of the Deep Economic Integration of Ukraine with Member States of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. St. Petersburg: Eurasian Development Bank Centre for Integration Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Fagerberg, J. 1994. “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates.” Journal of Economic Literature 32 (3): 1147–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzanegan, M. R., and G. Markwardt. 2018. “Development and Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa: Democracy Matters.” Journal of Policy Modeling 40 (2): 350–74. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzin, Y. H., and C. A. Bond. 2006. “Democracy and Environmental Quality.” Journal of Development Economics 81 (1): 213–35. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galitskaya, I. V., K. R. Mohan, A. K. Krishna, G. I. Batrak, O. N. Eremina, V. S. Putilina, and T. I. Yuganova. 2017. “Assessment of Soil and Groundwater Contamination by Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Russian and Indian Megacities.” Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17: 674–77. doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.180.
   Google Scholar
• Gassebner, M., M. J. Lamla, and J. E. Sturm. 2011. “Determinants of Pollution: What Do We Really Know?” Oxford Economic Papers 63 (3): 568–95. doi:10.1093/oep/gpq029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavshin, V. M., F. V. Sukhorukov, V. A. Bobrov, M. S. Melgunov, L. V. Miroshnichenko, J. Klerkx, S I. Kovalev, and P A. Romashkin. 2004. “Chemical Composition of the Uranium Tail Storages at Kadji-Sai (Southern Shore of Issyk-Kul Lake, Kyrgyzstan).” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 154 (1–4): 71–83. doi:10.1023/B:WATE.0000022929.61233.84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevorgyan, G. A., K. A. Ghazaryan, H. S. Movsesyan, and H. G. Zhamharyan. 2017. “Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils around Kapan Mining Area, Armenia.” Electronic Journal of Natural Sciences 29 (2): 29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ghazaryan, K., H. Movsesyan, N. Ghazaryan, and B. A. Watts. 2019. “Copper Phytoremediation Potential of Wild Plant Species Growing in the Mine Polluted Areas of Armenia.” Environmental Pollution 249: 491–501. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladun, E., and O. Zakharova. 2017. “State Environmental Ideology: From Tsarist Empire to Sustainable Russia.” BRICS Law Journal 4 (4): 39–64. doi:10.21684/2412-2343-2017-4-4-39-64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glushenkova, H. I. 1999. “Environmental Administrative Change in Russia in the 1990s.” Environmental Politics 8 (2): 157–64. doi:10.1080/09644019908414470.
   Google Scholar
• Gurova, I. P., I. N. Platonova, and M. A. Maksakova. 2018. “The Level of Trade Integration in the Eurasian Economic Union.” Studies on Russian Economic Development 29 (4): 447–53. doi:10.1134/S107570071804007X.
   Google Scholar
• Halicioglu, F., and N. Ketenci. 2016. “The Impact of International Trade on Environmental Quality: The Case of Transition Countries.” Energy 109: 1130–38. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell, C. A. 2013. “A Eurasian (Or A Soviet) Union? Consequences of Further Economic Integration in the Commonwealth of Independent States.” Business Horizons 56 (4): 411–20. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2013.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell, C. A. 2016. “The Institutional Basis of Efficiency in Resource-rich Countries.” Economic Systems 40 (4): 519–38. doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell, C. A., and D. L. Coursey. 2015. “Revisiting the Environmental Rewards of Economic Freedom.” Economics and Business Letters 4 (1): 36–50. doi:10.17811/ebl.4.1.2015.36-50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell, C.A., V. Otraschenko, and O. Popova. 2020. “Waxing Power, Waning Pollution: The Effect of COVID-19 on Russian Environmental Policymaking.” Manuscript under review.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, L. A., and V. Douhovnikoff. 2008. “Environmental Issues in Russia.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33: 437–60. doi: 10.1146/annurev.environ.33.051007.082437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayadevappa, R., and S. Chhatre. 2000. “International Trade and Environmental Quality: A Survey.” Ecological Economics 32 (2): 175–94. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00094-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimov, K. A., and R. D. Gainutdinova. 1999. “Environmental Changes within Kyrgyzstan.” In Environmental Change, Adaptation, and Security, edited by S. C. Lonergan, 201–04. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, D. R. 1976. “Environmental Policymaking in the USSR: The Role of Industrial and Environmental Interest Groups.” Soviet Studies 28 (4): 570–89. doi:10.1080/09668137608411091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenessariyev, U., A. Golub, M. Brody, A. Dosmukhametov, M. Amrin, A. Erzhanova, and D. Kenessary. 2013. “Human Health Cost of Air Pollution in Kazakhstan.” Journal of Environmental Protection 4: 869–76. doi: 10.4236/jep.2013.48101.
   Google Scholar
• Kenessary, D., A. Kenessary, Z. Adilgireiuly, N. Akzholova, A. Erzhanova, A. Dosmukhametov, D. Syzdykov, A-R. Masoud, and T. Saliev. 2019. “Air Pollution in Kazakhstan and Its Health Risk Assessment.” Annals of Global Health 85 (1): 1–9. doi:10.5334/aogh.2535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerimray, A., I. Kolyagin, and B. Suleimenov. 2018. “Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Kazakhstan: From Data Compilation to Decomposition Analysis.” Energy Efficiency 11 (2): 315–35. doi:10.1007/s12053-017-9565-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khitakhunov, A., B. Mukhamediyev, and R. Pomfret. 2017. “Eurasian Economic Union: Present and Future Perspectives.” Economic Change and Restructuring 50 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1007/s10644-016-9182-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., and D. E. Rhee. 2019. “Do Stringent Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries? Evidence on the ‘Race to the Top’ from Cross-Country Panel Data.” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 55 (12): 2796–808. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2018.1531240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klofat, A. 2017. “Regulatory Competition within the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union: A Comparative Legal Analysis.” Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44 (2): 163–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobel, A., A. Lipin, A. Malokostov, D. G. Tarr, and N. Turdyeva. 2019. “Deep Integration in the Eurasian Economic Union: What are the Benefits of Successful Implementation or Wider Liberalization?” Eurasian Geography and Economics 60 (2): 177–210. doi:10.1080/15387216.2019.1627232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konuspayeva, G., B. Faye, G. Loiseau, E. Diacono, and S. Akhmetsadykova. 2009. “Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in Kazakhstan.” Open Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Journal 1 (1): 112–8
   Google Scholar
• Korets, M. A., V. A. Ryzhkova, and I. V. Danilova. 2014. “GIS-Based Approaches to the Assessment of the State of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Norilsk Industrial Region.” Contemporary Problems of Ecology 7 (6): 643–53. doi:10.1134/S1995425514060067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krausmann, F., B. Gaugl, J. West, and H. Schandl. 2016. “The Metabolic Transition of a Planned Economy: Material Flows in the USSR and the Russian Federation 1900 to 2010.” Ecological Economics 124: 76–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezhenin, A. A., V. F. Raputa, and T. V. Yaroslavtseva. 2016. “Numerical Analysis of Atmospheric Circulation and Pollution Transfer in the Environs of Norilsk Industrial Region.” Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 29 (6): 565–69. doi:10.1134/S1024856016060087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., and J. C. Beghin. 2012. “A Meta-Analysis of Estimates of the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade.” Journal of Policy Modeling 34 (3): 497–511. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A., and A. V. Obydenkova. 2014. “Governance of Commons in a Large Nondemocratic Country: The Case of Forestry in the Russian Federation.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 44 (2): 298–323. doi:10.1093/publius/pjt065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A., and A.V. Obydenkova. 2018a. “Understanding Authoritarian Regionalism.” Journal of Democracy 29 (4): 151–65. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A., and A. V. Obydenkova. 2018b. “Regional International Organizations as a Strategy of Autocracy: The Eurasian Economic Union and Russian Foreign Policy.” International Affairs 94 (5): 1037–58. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, P. M. 2009. “Does Corporate Investment Drive A ‘Race to the Bottom’ in Environmental Protection? A Reexamination of the Effect of Environmental Regulation on Investment.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (6): 1297–318. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.47085173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maghakyan, N., G. Tepanosyan, O. Belyaeva, L. Sahakyan, and A. Saghatelyan. 2017. “Assessment of Pollution Levels and Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Dust Deposited on Yerevan’s Tree Leaves (Armenia).” Acta Geochimica 36 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1007/s11631-016-0122-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Managi, S., A. Hibiki, and T. Tsurumi. 2009. “Does Trade Openness Improve Environmental Quality?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 58 (3): 346–63. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2009.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netalieva, I., J. Wesseler, and W. Heijman. 2005. “Health Costs Caused by Oil Extraction Air Emissions and the Benefits from Abatement: The Case of Kazakhstan.” Energy Policy 33 (9): 1169–77. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2003.11.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumayer, E. 2004. “The Environment, Left-Wing Political Orientation and Ecological Economics.” Ecological Economics 51 (3–4): 167–75. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, J. P., and L. A. Henry. 2016. “The State of Environmental Protection in the Russian Federation: A Review of the Post-Soviet Era.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 57 (6): 779–801. doi:10.1080/15387216.2017.1289851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugumanova, L., M. Frey, N. Yemelina, and S. Yugay. 2017. “Environmental Problems and Policies in Kazakhstan: Air Pollution, Waste and Water (No. 366).” IOS Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Obydenkova, A., and R. Salahodjaev. 2016. “Intelligence, Democracy, and International Environmental Commitment.” Environmental Research 147: 82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obydenkova, A., Z. Nazarov, and R. Salahodjaev. 2016. “The Process of Deforestation in Weak Democracies and the Role of Intelligence.” Environmental Research 148: 484–90. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obydenkova, A. V., and R. Salahodjaev. 2017. “Climate Change Policies: The Role of Democracy and Social Cognitive Capital.” Environmental Research 157: 182–89. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayotou, T. 2016. “Economic Growth and the Environment.” In The Environment in Anthropology (Second Edition): A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living, edited by N. Haenn, A. Harnish, and R. Wilk, 140–48. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, D. J. 1993. Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction. New York: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pryde, P. R. 1991. Environmental Management in the Soviet Union, vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reppelin-Hill, V. 1999. “Trade and Environment: An Empirical Analysis of the Technology Effect in the Steel Industry.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 38 (3): 283–301. doi:10.1006/jeem.1999.1085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A., M. Ghalaieny, B. Gazdiyeva, S. Zhumabayeva, A. Kurmanbayeva, K. K. Akhmetov, Y. Mukanov, M. McCann, M. Ali, and A. Tucker. 2018. “A Spatial Survey of Environmental Indicators for Kazakhstan: An Examination of Current Conditions and Future Needs.” International Journal of Environmental Research 12 (5): 735–48. doi:10.1007/s41742-018-0134-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikawa, E. 2013. “Policy Diffusion of Emission Standards is There a Race to the Top?” World Politics 65 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1017/S0043887112000238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selishcheva, T. A., D. I. Miropolskii, S. A. Diatlov, I. V. Kuzminykh, and A. V. Potapenko. 2018. “Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Development of Supply Chain (Case Study: The EEU Countries).” International Journal of Supply Chain Management 7 (5): 886–93.
   Google Scholar
• Shadrina, E. 2020. “Energy Integration in Eurasian Economic Union: Preliminary Study on Progress and Policy Implications.” In 30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, edited by A. Akimov, and G. Kazakevitch, 151–90. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, I. 2006. “Trade and Environmental Policy: A Race to the Bottom?” Journal of Agricultural Economics 57 (3): 365–92. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2006.00056.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, I., J. Van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur. 2001. “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.” Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (6): 547–49. doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonin, K. 2003. “Why the Rich May Favor Poor Protection of Property Rights.” Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (4): 715–31. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarr, D. G. 2014. “The Eurasian Customs Union among Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan: Can It Succeed Where Its Predecessor Failed?” In Applied Trade Policy Modeling in 16 countries: Insights and Impacts from World Bank CGE Based Projects, 509–516. Singapore: World Scientific Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tarr, D. G. 2016. “The Eurasian Economic Union of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and the Kyrgyz Republic: Can It Succeed Where Its Predecessor Failed?” Eastern European Economics 54 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/00128775.2015.1105672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tochitskaya, I. 2010. “The Customs Union between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia: An Overview of Economic Implications for Belarus.” CASE Network Studies and Analyses, No. 405.
   Google Scholar
• Tsygankov, A. 2015. “Vladimir Putin’s Last Stand: The Sources of Russia’s Ukraine Policy.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31 (4): 279–303. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1005903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulph, A. 1998. “Political Institutions and the Design of Environmental Policy in a Federal System with Asymmetric Information.” European Economic Review 42 (3–5): 583–92. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00116-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakulchuk, R., and A. Knobel. 2018. “Impact of Non-Tariff Barriers on Trade within the Eurasian Economic Union.” Post-Communist Economies 30 (4): 459–81. doi:10.1080/14631377.2018.1442054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira, A. 2017. “A Tale of Two Unions: Russia–Belarus Integration Experience and Its Lessons for the Eurasian Economic Union.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 32 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1080/08865655.2016.1211959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinokurov, E. 2017. “Eurasian Economic Union: Current State and Preliminary Results.” Russian Journal of Economics 3 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1016/j.ruje.2017.02.004.
   Google Scholar
• Vinokurov, E., M. Demidenko, I. Pelipas, I. Tochitskaya, G. Shymanovich, A. Lipin, and V. Movchan. 2015. Estimating the Economic Effects of Reducing Non-Tariff Barriers in the EEU (No. 68058). Germany: University Library of Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Vlasov, B. P., and G. S. Gigevich. 2006. “Estimation of Pollution of Lakes of Belarus under the Contents of Heavy Metals in Water Plants and Bottom Sediments.” Limnological Review 6: 289–94.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, H., X. Cao, and B. Mukherjee. 2014. “State Capacity and the Environmental Investment Gap in Authoritarian States.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (3): 309–43. doi:10.1177/0010414013509569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, D. 2001. “Racing to the Bottom? Foreign Investment and Air Pollution in Developing Countries.” The Journal of Environment & Development 10 (3): 225–45. doi:10.1177/10704965-0101003-02.
   Google Scholar
• Yakouchyk, K. 2019. “Beyond Autocracy Promotion: A Review.” Political Studies Review 17 (2): 147–60. doi:10.1177/1478929918774976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarashevich, V. 2021. “The Eurasian Economic Union as a Regional Development Project: Expectations and Realities.” Area Development and Policy 6 (1): 82–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasin, I., N. Ahmad, and M. A. Chaudhary. 2021. “The Impact of Financial Development, Political Institutions, and Urbanization on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from 59 Less-Developed Economies.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 23 (5): 6698–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar