790
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Nexus between Authoritarian and Environmental Regionalism: An Analysis of China’s Driving Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Acharya, Amitav. 2017. “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order.” Ethics & International Affairs 31 (3): 271–85. doi:10.1017/S089267941700020X.
  • Ahlers, Anna L., and Yongdong Shen. 2018. “Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China’s Battle against Air Pollution.” The China Quarterly 234: 299–319. doi:10.1017/S0305741017001370.
  • AIIB. 2017. “Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project Phase I.” Project Document. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2017/approved/Tajikistan-Nurek-Hydropower-Rehabilitation-Phase-I.html
  • Ajadi, Tayo, Victoria Cuming, Rohan Boyle, David Strahan, Matthias Kimmel, Michael Logan, and Angus McCrone. 2019. “Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2019.” Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre. https://www.fs-unep-centre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GTR_2020.pdf
  • Ambrosio, Thomas. 2008. “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 60 (8): 1321–44. doi:10.1080/09668130802292143.
  • Ambrosio, Thomas. 2010. “Constructing a Framework of Authoritarian Diffusion: Concepts, Dynamics, and Future Research.” International Studies Perspectives 11 (4): 375–92. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00411.x.
  • Andonova, Liliana B., and Ronald B. Mitchell. 2010. “The Rescaling of Global Environmental Politics.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35 (1):255–82. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125346.
  • Atalay, Yasemin. 2018. “Understanding Input and Output Legitimacy of Environmental Policymaking in the Gulf Cooperation Council States.” Environmental Policy and Governance 28 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1002/eet.1794.
  • Balsiger, Jörg, and Miriam Prys. 2016. “Regional Agreements in International Environmental Politics.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 16 (2): 239–60. doi:10.1007/s10784-014-9256-3.
  • Balsiger, Jörg, and Stacy D. VanDeveer. 2012. “Navigating Regional Environmental Governance.” Global Environmental Politics 12 (3): 1–17. doi:10.1162/GLEP_e_00120.
  • Balsiger, Jörg, and Stacy D. VanDeveer. 2018. “Regional Governance and Environmental Problems.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, January 11. Accessed 10 Sep. 2021. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-416.
  • Bättig, Michèle B., and Thomas Bernauer. 2009. “National Institutions and Global Public Goods: Are Democracies More Cooperative in Climate Change Policy?” International Organization 63 (2): 281–308. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090092.
  • Besant-Jones, John E., Daryl Fields, Artur Kochnakyan, and Gary Stuggins. 2012. Tajikistan’s Winter Energy Crisis: Electricity Supply and Demand Alternatives. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Biermann, Frank, and Steffen Bauer. 2005. A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance? Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Biermann, Frank, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, and Fariborz Zelli. 2009. “The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis.” Global Environmental Politics 9 (4): 14–40. doi:10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14.
  • BloombergNEF. 2020. “Energy Transition Investment Tracker.” Accessed January 6. https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment/
  • Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse, eds. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Boute, Anatole. 2019. “Central Asian Energy Security.” In Energy Security along the New Silk Road: Energy Law and Geopolitics in Central Asia, 21–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brandt, Loren, and Thomas G. Rawski. 2019. Policy, Regulation and Innovation in China’s Electricity and Telecom Industries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • CGTN. 2017. “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Pakistan Inaugurates New Section of Expressway.” CGTN, December 28. https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d416a4e7a634464776c6d636a4e6e62684a4856/share_p.html
  • Cheng, Joseph Y.S. 2011. “The Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation: China’s Initiative in Regional Institutional Building.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 41 (4): 632–56. doi:10.1080/00472336.2011.610618.
  • China Power Team. 2021. “How Is China’s Energy Footprint Changing?” ChinaPower. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://chinapower.csis.org/energy-footprint/
  • Choudhury, Scehzeen. 2019. “IFC Supports Super Six Wind Projects to Spur Renewable Energy and Help Meet Power Needs.” International Finance Corporation. Press Release. https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=18528
  • Chung, Chien Peng. 2006. “China and the Institutionalization of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Problems of Post-Communism 53 (5): 3–14. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216530501.
  • Compagnon, Daniel, Fanny Florémont, and Isabelle Lamaud. 2011. “Sub-Saharan Africa. Fragmented Enviromental Governance without Regional Integration.” In Comparative Environmental Regionalism, edited by Lorraine Elliott and Shaun Breslin, 92–112. London: Routledge.
  • Conca, Ken. 2012. “The Rise of the Region in Global Environmental Politics.” Global Environmental Politics 12 (3): 127–33. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00132.
  • Cooley, Alexander. 2015. “Authoritarianism Goes Global: Countering Democratic Norms.” Journal of Democracy 26 (3): 49–63. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0049.
  • Cooley, Alexander. 2019. “Ordering Eurasia: The Rise and Decline of Liberal Internationalism in the Post-Communist Space.” Security Studies 28 (3): 588–613. doi:10.1080/09636412.2019.1604988.
  • Cooley, Alexander, and John Heathershaw. 2017. Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, and Allen Hicken. 2021. “V-Dem Dataset V11.” Varieties of Democracy Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
  • CPEC. 2017. Long Term Plan for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (2017-2030), edited by Ministry of Planning Development & Reform. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.
  • CPEC. 2021a. “Hydro China Dawood Wind Farm (Gharo, Thatta).” http://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/11
  • CPEC. 2021b. “Sachal Wind Farm (Jhimpir, Thatta).” http://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/13
  • CPEC. 2021c. “UEP Wind Farm (Jhimpir, Thatta).” Accessed January 20, 2021. http://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/12
  • CSEC. 2018. China-SCO Environmental Cooperation. Beijing: China Center for Shanghai Cooperation Organization Environmental Cooperation.
  • CSEC. 2019a. “About Us: China Center for SCO Environment Cooperation (CSEC).” Accessed January 4. http://www.scoei.org.cn:184/ptjj/center-introducation/
  • CSEC. 2019b. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Environment Information Sharing Platform. Beijng: China Center for Shanghai Cooperation Organization Environmental Cooperation (CSEC).
  • Diamond, Larry, Marc F. Plattner, and Christopher Walker. 2016. Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Downs, Erica. 2019. “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Power Projects: Insights into Environmental and Debt Sustainability.” Center on Global Energy Policy. New York: Columbia University. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/china-pakistan-economic-corridor-power-projects-insights-environmental-and-debt-sustainability
  • Ebert, Hannes, and Daniel Flemes. 2018. Regional Powers and Contested Leadership. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Elliott, Lorraine. 2012. “ASEAN and Environmental Governance: Strategies of Regionalism in Southeast Asia.” Global Environmental Politics 12 (3): 38–57. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00122.
  • Elliott, Lorraine, and Shaun Breslin. 2011. Comparative Environmental Regionalism. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Flemes, Daniel. 2010. Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers. Farnham: Ashghate.
  • Frazier, Derrick, and Robert Stewart-Ingersoll. 2010. “Regional Powers and Security: A Framework for Understanding Order within Regional Security Complexes.” European Journal of International Relations 16 (4): 731–53. doi:10.1177/1354066109359847.
  • Fredriksson, Per G., and Eric Neumayer. 2013. “Democracy and Climate Change Policies: Is History Important?” Ecological Economics 95: 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.002.
  • Gabuev, Alexander. 2017. “Bigger, Not Better: Russia Makes the SCO a Useless Club.” Carnegie Moscow Center, June 23. https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/71350
  • Gallagher, Kevin P. 2021. “China’s Global Energy Finance Dataset.” Global Development Policy Center, Boston University. https://www.bu.edu/cgef/
  • Gilley, Bruce. 2012. “Authoritarian Environmentalism and China’s Response to Climate Change.” Environmental Politics 21 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1080/09644016.2012.651904.
  • Giordano, Raffaele, Daniela D’Agostino, Ciro Apollonio, Nicola Lamaddalena, and Michele Vurro. 2013. “Bayesian Belief Network to Support Conflict Analysis for Groundwater Protection: The Case of the Apulia Region.” Journal of Environmental Management 115: 136–46. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.011.
  • Global Times. 2010. “Hydropower Deal Inked for 4.97b Yuan.” Global Times, December 2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/505538.shtml
  • Goldwind. 2021. “Goldwind Products.” http://www.goldwindglobal.com/product/#wind
  • Grieco, Joseph M. 1997. “Systemic Sources of Variation In Regional Institutionalization in Western Europe, East Asia, and the Americas.” In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, 164–187. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Guang, Pan. 2007. “A Chinese Perspective on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” SIPRI Policy Paper No 17: 45–58.
  • Haas, Peter M. 2015. “The Capacity of International Institutions to Manage Bhopal-Like Problems.” In Epistemic Communities, Constructivism, and International Environmental Politics, edited by Peter M Haas. London: Routledge.
  • Haas, Peter M. 2016. “Regional Environmental Governance.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja Börzel and Thomas Risse, 430–456. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Haas, Peter M., and Casey Stevens. 2011. “Organized Science, Usable Knowledge, and Multilateral Environmental Governance.” In Governing the Air: The Dynamics of Science, Policy, and Citizen Interaction, edited by Rolf Lidskog and Göran Sundqvist, 125–162. London: MIT Press.
  • Halle, Mark. 2011. “Accountability in the Green Economy.” Review of Policy Research 28 (5): 473–77. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00513.x.
  • Hong, Ruichen. 2020. “The Pakistan Dawood Wind Power Project – A Climate Investment and Financing Project in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).” Green Belt and Road Initiative Center, April 15. https://green-bri.org/the-pakistan-dawood-wind-power-project-a-climate-investment-and-financing-project-in-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
  • Hou, Liqiang. 2019. “Online Tools Will Allow Sharing on Environment.” China Daily, June 15.
  • Hove, Anders, and David Sandalow. 2019. Electric Vehicle Charging in China and the United States. New York: Columbia SIPA - Center on Global Energy Policy.
  • IEA. 2020. World Energy Balances and Statistics. OECDiLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1787/enestats-data-en
  • Jha, U. C. 2004. “Environmental Issues and SAARC.” Economic and Political Weekly 39: 1666–71.
  • Jones, Nicola. 2007. “China Tops CO2 Emissions.” Nature, June 20. https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070618/full/news070618-9.html
  • Kankaanpää, Paula, and Oran R. Young. 2012. “The Effectiveness of the Arctic Council.” Polar Research 31: 17176.
  • Keohane, Robert O., and David G. Victor. 2011. “The Regime Complex for Climate Change.” Perspectives on Politics 9 (1): 7–23. doi:10.1017/S1537592710004068.
  • Kneuer, Marianne, Thomas Demmelhuber, Raphael Peresson, and Tobias Zumbrägel. 2019. “Playing the Regional Card: Why and How Authoritarian Gravity Centres Exploit Regional Organisations.” Third World Quarterly 40 (3): 451–70. doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1474713.
  • Knoerich, Jan, and Francisco Urdinez. 2019. “Contesting Contested Multilateralism: Why the West Joined the Rest in Founding the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12 (3): 333–70. doi:10.1093/cjip/poz007.
  • Koundal, Aarushi. 2021. “India’s Renewable Power Capacity Is the Fourth Largest in the World, Says PM Modi.” ETEnergyWorld, November 26. https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/indias-renewable-power-capacity-is-the-fourth-largest-in-the-world-says-pm-modi/79430910
  • Krapohl, Sebastian. 2017. “Two Logics of Regional Integration and the Games Regional Actors Play. A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Regional Economic Cooperation and Defection.” In Regional Integration in the Global South: External Influence on Economic Cooperation in ASEAN, MERCOSUR and SADC, edited by Sebastian Krapohl, 33–62. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Krapohl, Sebastian, Katharina L. Meer, and Johannes Muntschick. 2014. “Regional Powers as Leaders or Rambos? The Ambivalent Behaviour of Brazil and South Africa in Regional Economic Integration.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52: 879–95.
  • Kulauzov, Dora, and Alexios Antypas. 2011. “The Middle East and North Africa. Sub-Regional Environmenral Cooperation as a Security Issue.” In Comparative Environmental Regionalism, edited by Lorraine Elliott and Shaun Breslin, 113–129. London: Routledge.
  • Kütting, Gabriela. 2000. “Distinguishing Between Institutional and Environmental Effectiveness in International Environmental Agreements: The Case of the Mediterranean Action Plan.” International Journal of Peace Studies 5 (1): 15–33.
  • Lemke, Douglas. 2002. Regions of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Libman, Alexander. and Anastassia Obydenkova. 2014. “Governance of Commons in a Large Nondemocratic Country: The Case of Forestry in the Russian Federation.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 44 (2): 298–323.
  • Libman, Alexander, and Anastassia Obydenkova. 2018. “Understanding Authoritarian Regionalism.” Journal of Democracy 29 (4): 151–65. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0070.
  • Lo, Kevin. 2015. “How Authoritarian is the Environmental Governance of China?” Environmental Science & Policy 54: 152–59. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.06.001.
  • Majaw, Baniateilang. 2020. Climate Change in South Asia: Politics, Policies and the SAARC. London: Routledge.
  • Malik, Sadia, Maha Qasim, and Hasan Saeed. 2018. “Green Finance in Pakistan: Barriers and Solutions.” ADBI Working Paper. https://www.adb.org/publications/green-finance-pakistan-barriers-and-solutions
  • Matthew, Richard. 2012. “Environmental Change, Human Security, and Regional Governance: The Case of the Hindu Kush/Himalaya Region.” Global Environmental Politics 12 (3): 100–18. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00125.
  • Mattli, Walter. 1999. The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDermott, Roger N. 2012. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s Impact on Central Asian Security A View from Kazakhstan.” Problems of Post-Communism 59 (4): 56–65. doi:10.2753//PPC1075-8216590405.
  • Miles, Edward L., Steinar Andresen, Elaine M. Carlin, Jon Birger Skjærseth, and Arild Underdal. 2001. Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • MOFA. 2018. “Wang Yi Gives an Interview to the Media on the SCO Qingdao Summit.” Press Release. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, June 11. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/dozys_664276/dqzzywt_664402/t1568386.shtml
  • Nabers, Dirk. 2010. “Power, Leadership and Hegemony in International Politics.” In Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers, edited by Daniel Flemes, 51–70. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Nolte, Detlef. 2011. “Regional Powers and Regional Governance.” In Regional Powers and Regional Orders, edited by Nadine Godehardt and Dirk Nabers, 49–67. London: Routledge.
  • Norling, Nicklas, and Niklas Swanström. 2007. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Trade, and the Roles of Iran, India and Pakistan.” Central Asian Survey 26 (3): 429–44. doi:10.1080/02634930701702779.
  • NS Energy. 2020. “Moinak Hydroelectric Power Plant.” Accessed January 16. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/moinak-hydroelectric-power-plant/
  • Oberthür, Sebastian, and Thomas Gehring. 2006. “Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: The Case of the Cartagena Protocol and the World Trade Organization.” Global Environmental Politics 6 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1162/glep.2006.6.2.1.
  • Obydenkova, Anastassia, and Alexander Libman. 2019. Authoritarian Regionalism in the World of International Organizations: Global Perspective and the Eurasian Enigma. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Obydenkova, Anastassia, and Raufhon Salahodjaev. 2016. “Intelligence, Democracy, and International Environmental Commitment.” Environmental Research 147: 82–88. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.042.
  • Obydenkova, Anastassia, and Raufhon Salahodjaev. 2017. “Climate Change Policies: The Role of Democracy and Social Cognitive Capital.” Environmental Research 157: 182–89. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.009.
  • Olcott, Martha Brill. 2012. Tajikistan’s Difficult Development Path. Washinton DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Orsini, Amandine, and Elena Kavvatha. 2020. EU Environmental Governance: Current and Future Challenges. London: Routledge.
  • Quigley, J. 2013. “Chinese Government Will Spend $277 Billion to Combat Air Pollution.” The Diplomat, July 27. https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/chinese-government-will-spend-277-billion-to-combat-air-pollution/
  • Rahman, Khalid. 2011. “Central Asia, Energy Security and Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Policy Perspectives 8 (1): 65–76.
  • Raustiala, Kal, and David G. Victor. 2004. “The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources.” International Organization 58 (2): 277–309. doi:10.1017/S0020818304582036.
  • Ray, Rebecca, Kevin P. Gallagher, William Kring, Joshua Pitts, and Alexander Simmons. 2021. “Geolocated Dataset of Chinese Overseas Development Finance.” Global Development Policy Center. Boston University. https://www.bu.edu/gdp/chinas-overseas-development-finance/
  • Rottem, Svein Vigeland. 2020. “The Arctic Council in Arctic Governance.” In The Arctic Council: Between Environmental Protection and Geopolitics, 47–71. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Schmeier, Susanne. 2013. Governing International Watercourses: River Basin Organizations and the Sustainable Governance of Internationally Shared Rivers and Lakes. London: Routledge.
  • SCO. 2015. “Development Strategy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization until 2025.” Press Release, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, SCO Summit Press Release. https://eng.sco-russia2020.ru/images/17/25/172516.pdf
  • SCO. 2018. “SCO Countries Coordinate a Draft SCO Concept for Cooperation in Environmental Protection.” Press Release. Shanghai Cooperation Organization, April 18. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20180418/413407.html
  • SCO. 2019a. “Bishkek Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Heads of State Council.” Declaration. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat. http://eng.sectsco.org/load/197905/
  • SCO. 2019b. “JOINT COMMUNIQUÉ after the Meeting of the Heads of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States’ Environmental Protection Ministries and Agencies.” Joint Communiqué. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat, September 27. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20190928/584964.html
  • SCO. 2020a. “The SCO Member States are Committed to Environmental Protection – Vladimir Norov.” Press Release. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat, June 6. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20200606/652704.html
  • SCO. 2020b. “SCO Secretary-General Meets with President of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” Press Release. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat, June 24. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20200624/659587.html
  • SCO. 2020c. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Shanghai Cooperation Organization. http://eng.sectsco.org/
  • Selin, Henrik, and Stacy D. VanDeveer. 2015. “Broader, Deeper and Greener: European Union Environmental Politics, Policies, and Outcomes.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40 (1): 309–35. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021210.
  • Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2016. Rethinking Regionalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Song, Weiqing. 2014. “Interests, Power and China’s Difficult Game in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).” Journal of Contemporary China 23 (85): 85–101. doi:10.1080/10670564.2013.809981.
  • Steves, F., D. Treisman, and A. Teytelboyn. 2013. “Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policy.” Working Paper, European Bank of Reconstruction and Development.
  • Tansey, Oisín. 2016. International Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The World Bank. 2021. World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank (producer and distributor). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
  • UNEP. 2014. “UNEP Signs Landmark Agreement with League of Arab States to Strengthen Partnership on Environment and Sustainable Development.” Press Release. United Nations Environment Programme, November 10. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/unep-signs-landmark-agreement-league-arab-states-strengthen
  • Van Asselt, Harro, Francesco Sindico, and Michael A. Mehling. 2008. “Global Climate Change and the Fragmentation of International Law.” Law & Policy 30 (4): 423–49. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00286.x.
  • Varkkey, Helena. 2014. “Regional Cooperation, Patronage and the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 14 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1007/s10784-013-9217-2.
  • Victor, David G. 1998. “Learning by Doing in the Nonbinding International Regime to Manage Trade in Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides.” In The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments: Theory and Practice, edited by David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikof, 221–281. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Vogler, John. 2011. “The European Union as a Global Environmental Policy Actor: Climate Change.” In The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, edited by Rüdiger Wurzel and James Connelly, 21–37. London: Routledge.
  • Vohra, Karn, Alina Vodonos, Joel Schwartz, Eloise A. Marais, Melissa P. Sulprizio, and Loretta J. Mickley. 2021. “Global Mortality from Outdoor Fine Particle Pollution Generated by Fossil Fuel Combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem.” Environmental Research 195: 110754. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754.
  • Weinthal, Erika. 2002. State Making and Environmental Cooperation: Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • WindPower. 2021. “China Three Gorges Corporation.” https://www.thewindpower.net/developer_en_4408_china-three-gorges-corporation.php
  • Wurzel, Rüdiger K.W., Anthony R. Zito, and Andrew J. Jordan. 2013. Environmental Governance in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Use of New Environmental Policy Instruments. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Xi, Jinping. 2020. “Statement by HE Xi Jinping President of the People’s Republic of China at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly.” Press Release. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, September 22. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1817098.shtml
  • Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. 2014. Comparing Institution-building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yuan, Jing-Dong. 2010. “China’s Role in Establishing and Building the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).” Journal of Contemporary China 19 (67): 855–69. doi:10.1080/10670564.2010.508587.
  • Zhao, Huasheng. 2013. “China’s View of and Expectations from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Asian Survey 53 (3): 436–60. doi:10.1525/as.2013.53.3.436.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.