Social Perceptions of Torture: Genuine Disagreement, Subtle Malleability, and In-Group Bias

REFERENCES

• Amnesty International . ( 1984 ). Torture in the eighties . New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Chao , M. C. , & Givens , J. M. ( 2009 ). Pursuing moral outrage: Anger at torture . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 , 155 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman , K. P. , & Geher , G. ( 2002 ). We think you agree: The detrimental impact of the false consensus effect on behavior . Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social , 21 , 293 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury , S. ( 2005 , May 10 ). Memorandum for John A. Rizzo, Senior Deputy Legal Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel . Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://luxmedia.vo.llnwd.net/o10/clients/aclu/olc_05102005_bradbury46pg.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. ( 1999 ). The psychology of prejudice: In-group love or out-group hate? Journal of Social Issues , 55 , 429 – 444 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. ( 2007 ). The importance of being we: Human nature and intergroup relations . American Psychologist , 62 , 728 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bybee , J. ( 2003 , August 1 ). Memorandum for Alberto Gonzales, Counsel to the President . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel . Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/doj/bybee80102mem.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. ( 1977 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences () , Rev. ed. . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , C. S. , Eidelman , S. , Skitka , L. J. , & Morgan , G. S. ( 2009 ). Status quo framing increases support for torture . Social Influence , 4 , 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War . ( 1949 ). Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war . Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Felner , E. ( 2005 ). Torture and terrorism: Painful lessons from Israel . In K. Roth & M. Worden (Eds.), Torture: Does it make us safer? Is it ever OK? (pp. 28 – 43 ). New York : The New Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. , Harris , L. T. , & Cuddy , A. J. ( 2004 ). Why ordinary people torture prisoners . Science , 306 , 1482 – 1483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallup . ( 2005 , November 29 ). Public believes U.S. government has tortured prisoners . Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/20170/Public-Believes-US-Government-Has-Tortured-Prisoners.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gourevitch , P. , & Morris , E. ( 2008 , March 24 ). Exposure: The woman behind the camera at Abu Ghraib . The New Yorker. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/24/080324fa_fact_gourevitch
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. , Haidt , J. , & Nosek , B.A. ( 2009 ). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96 , 1029 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham , S. , & Stephens , J. ( 2004 , May 21 ). New details of prison abuse emerge: Abu Ghraib detainees' statements describe sexual humiliation and savage beatings . The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2006 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43783-2004May20.html
   Google Scholar
• International Committee of the Red Cross . ( 1958 ). Commentary to IV Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war . Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman , R. ( 2007 ). Erroneous assumptions: Popular belief in the effectiveness of torture interrogation . Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology , 13 , 429 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Jost , J. T. , Glaser , J. , Kruglanski , A. W. , & Sulloway , F. J. ( 2003 ). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition . Psychological Bulletin , 129 , 339 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu , L. K. (1992). Recent views of conceptual structure. Psychological Bulletin , 112, 500–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinwand , D. ( 2004 , August 26 ). Chaotic prison always on the brink . USA Today. Retrieved July 7, 2006, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-08-26-abu-ghraib_x.htm
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski , T. ( 2005 ). Banned State Department practices . In K. Roth & M. Worden (Eds.), Torture: Does it make us safer? Is it ever OK? (pp. 139 – 144 ). New York : The New Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey , M. E. , & Glucksberg , S. ( 1978 ). Natural categories: Well defined or fuzzy sets? Memory and Cognition , 6 , 462 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIver , J. P. , & Carmines , E. G. ( 1981 ). Unidimensional scaling (Sage University paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, No. 24) . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Medin , D. L. , & Smith , E. E. ( 1984 ). Concepts and concept formation . Annual Review of Psychology , 35 , 113 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parducci , A. ( 1968 ). The relativism of absolute judgment . Scientific American , 219 , 84 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , L. , Greene , D. , & House , P. ( 1977 ). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 13 , 279 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , L. , & Nisbett , R. E. ( 1991 ). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Taguba , A. ( n.d. ). Article 15–6. Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade . Retrieved July 10, 2006, from www.npr.org/iraq/2004/prison_abuse_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. , & Turner , J. C. ( 1986 ). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict . In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 2 – 24 ). Chicago : Nelson-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly . ( 1984 , December 10 ). Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. State Department . ( 2005 , February 28 ). On-the-record briefing on the release of the 2004 annual report on human rights . Washington , DC : Author . Retrieved June 1, 2006, from http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/spbr/42805.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zimbardo , P. G. ( 2004 ). A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil: Understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators . In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp. 21 – 50 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar