Cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Prevalence of untreated risk factors and poor adherence to treatment guidelines

References

• Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, Garrison A, Tun CG, Gagnon D, et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2005;43(7):408–16. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuklina EV, Hagen EM. Link between cardiovascular disease and spinal cord injury: new evidence and update. Neurology 2013;81(8):700–1. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a1ab26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartkopp A, Brønnum-Hansen H, Seidenschnur AM, Biering-Sørensen F. Survival and cause of death after traumatic spinal cord injury. A long-term epidemiological survey from Denmark. Spinal Cord 1997;35(2):76–85.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman WA, Kahn NN, Grimm DR, Spungen AM. Risk factors for atherogenesis and cardiovascular autonomic function in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1999;37(9):601–16. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3100911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S76–99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selassie A, Snipe L, Focht KL, Welldaregay W. Baseline prevalence of heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in persons with acute traumatic spinal cord injury: potential threats in the recovery trajectory. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2013;19(3):172–82. doi: 10.1310/sci1903-172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flank P, Wahman K, Levi R, Fahlström M. Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease stratified by body mass index categories in patients with wheelchair-dependent paraplegia after spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med 2012;44(5):440–3. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J, Lee M, Kiratli J. Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86(2):142–52. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31802f0247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards LA, Bugaresti JM, Buchholz AC. Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):600–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert O, Croffoot JR, Taylor AJ, Nash M, Schomer K, Groah S. Serum lipid concentrations among persons with spinal cord injury—a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Atherosclerosis 2014;232(2):305–12. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libin A, Tinsley EA, Nash MS, Mendez AJ, Burns P, Elrod M, et al. Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: results of exploratory factor analysis. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2013;19(3):183–94. doi: 10.1310/sci1903-183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cragg JJ, Noonan VK, Dvorak M, Krassioukov A, Mancini GBJ, Borisoff JF. Spinal cord injury and type 2 diabetes: results from a population health survey. Neurology 2013;81(21):1864–8. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000436074.98534.6e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Y-J, Lin C-L, Chang Y-J, Lin M-C, Lee S-T, Sung F-C, et al. Spinal cord injury increases the risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc 2014;14(9):1957–64. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahman K, Nash MS, Lewis JE, Seiger A, Levi R. Increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia: The Stockholm spinal cord injury study. J Rehabil Med 2010;42(5):489–92. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahman K, Nash MS, Lewis JE, Seiger A, Levi R. Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm spinal cord injury study. J Rehabil Med 2011;43(3):237–42. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Hegele RA, Couture P, Mancini GBJ, McPherson R, et al. 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 2013;29(2):151–67. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Ekoé J-M, Punthakee Z, Ransom T, Prebtani APH, Goldenberg R. Screening for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2013;37Suppl 1:S12–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dasgupta K, Quinn RR, Zarnke KB, Rabi DM, Ravani P, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. The 2014 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2014;30(5):485–501. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Truitt AR, Schomer KG, Yorkston KM, Baylor C, Molton IR. Frequency and age effects of secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: a scoping review. Spinal Cord 2013;51(12):882–92. doi: 10.1038/sc.2013.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MS, Cowan RE, Kressler J. Evidence-based and heuristic approaches for customization of care in cardiometabolic syndrome after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2012;35(5):278–92. doi: 10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, Waters RL. The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1999;37(11):765–71. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3100893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegter S, Oosterhof P, van Boven JFM, Stuurman-Bieze AGG, Hiddink EG, Postma MJ. Improving adherence to lipid-lowering therapy in a community pharmacy intervention program: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2014;20(7):722–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McColl MA, Aiken A, McColl A, Sakakibara B, Smith K. Primary care of people with spinal cord injury: scoping review. Can Fam Physician 2012;58(11):1207–16, e626–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly C, McColl MA, Charlifue S, Glass C, O'Brien P, Savic G, et al. Utilization, access and satisfaction with primary care among people with spinal cord injuries: a comparison of three countries. Spinal Cord 2007;45(1):25–36. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fürthauer J, Flamm M, Sönnichsen A. Patient and physician related factors of adherence to evidence based guidelines in diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular disease and prevention: a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract 2013;14:47. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddy C, Singh J, Hogg W, Dahrouge S, Deri-Armstrong C, Russell G, et al. Quality of cardiovascular disease care in Ontario, Canada: missed opportunities for prevention—a cross sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012;12:74. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-12-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddy C, Singh J, Hogg W, Dahrouge S, Taljaard M. Comparison of primary care models in the prevention of cardiovascular disease—a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract 2011;12:114. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Hayes SN, Walsh BW, et al. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation 2005;111(4):499–510. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154568.43333.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Hammond FM, Barringer TA, Goff DC, Norton HJ, Bockenek WL, et al. Adherence with the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines in men with chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34(1):28–34. doi: 10.1179/107902610x12883422813589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McColl MA, Aiken A, Smith K, McColl A, Green M, Godwin M, et al. Actionable nuggets: knowledge translation tool for the needs of patients with spinal cord injury. Can Fam Physician Médecin Fam Can 2015;61(5):e240–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven BC, Balioussis C, Verrier M, and The E-Scan Investigative Team. The tipping point: perspectives on SCI rehabilitation service gaps in Canada. Int J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;1(8):1–4. doi: 10.4172/2329-9096.1000165
   Google Scholar
• Anderson KD. Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma 2004;21(10):1371–83. doi: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krassioukov A. Autonomic dysreflexia: current evidence related to unstable arterial blood pressure control among athletes with spinal cord injury. Clin J Sport Med 2012;22(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar