References
- Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM. The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(26):2898–908. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181891751
- Fidler MW, Jowett RL. Muscle imbalance in the aetiology of scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58(2):200–1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.58B2.932082
- Mannion AF, Meier M, Grob D, Muntener M. Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with scoliosis: an old problem revisited with new evidence. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(4):289–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860050077
- Burwell RG, Aujla RK, Grevitt MP, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Randell TL, et al. Pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in girls - a double neuro-osseous theory involving disharmony between two nervous systems, somatic and autonomic expressed in the spine and trunk: possible dependency on sympathetic nervous system and hormones with implications for medical therapy. Scoliosis. 2009;4:24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-4-24
- Girardo M, Bettini N, Dema E, Cervellati S. The role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Eur Spine J. 2011;20(Suppl 1):S68–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1750-5
- Chu WC, Lam WM, Ng BK, Tze-Ping L, Lee KM, Guo X, et al. Relative shortening and functional tethering of spinal cord in adolescent scoliosis - result of asynchronous neuro-osseous growth, summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis. 2008;3:8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-3-8
- Chu WC, Man GC, Lam WW, Yeung BH, Chau WW, Ng BK, et al. Morphological and functional electrophysiological evidence of relative spinal cord tethering in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(6):673–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318166aa58
- Domenech J, Garcia-Marti G, Marti-Bonmati L, Barrios C, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone A. Abnormal activation of the motor cortical network in idiopathic scoliosis demonstrated by functional MRI. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(7):1069–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1776-8
- Domenech J, Tormos JM, Barrios C, Pascual-Leone A. Motor cortical hyperexcitability in idiopathic scoliosis: could focal dystonia be a subclinical etiological factor? Eur Spine J. 2010;19(2):223–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1243-y
- Stetkarova I, Zamecnik J, Bocek V, Vasko P, Brabec K, Krbec M. Electrophysiological and histological changes of paraspinal muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(10):3146–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4628-8
- Chau WW, Chu WC, Lam TP, Ng BK, Fu LL, Cheng JC. Anatomical origin of abnormal somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different curve severity and correlation with cerebellar tonsillar level determined by MRI. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(10):E598–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001345
- Chen Z, Qiu Y, Ma W, Qian B, Zhu Z. Comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis without neural axis abnormalities. Spine J. 2014;14(7):1095–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.465
- Lee RK, Griffith JF, Leung JH, Chu WC, Lam TP, Ng BK, et al. Effect of upright position on tonsillar level in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2397–402. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3597-3
- Sun X, Qiu Y, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Wang B, Yu Y, et al. Variations of the position of the cerebellar tonsil in idiopathic scoliotic adolescents with a cobb angle >40 degrees: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(15):1680–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318074d3f5
- Wang D, Shi L, Liu S, Hui SC, Wang Y, Cheng JC, et al. Altered topological organization of cortical network in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83767. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083767
- Wang D, Shi L, Chu WC, Burwell RG, Cheng JC, Ahuja AT. Abnormal cerebral cortical thinning pattern in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Neuroimage. 2012;59(2):935–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.097
- Beck S, Richardson SP, Shamim EA, Dang N, Schubert M, Hallett M. Short intracortical and surround inhibition are selectively reduced during movement initiation in focal hand dystonia. J Neurosci. 2008;28(41):10363–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008
- Beck S, Hallett M. Surround inhibition in the motor system. Exp Brain Res. 2011;210(2):165–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2610-6
- Clarkson AN, Huang BS, Macisaac SE, Mody I, Carmichael ST. Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke. Nature. 2010;468(7321):305–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09511
- Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G, Chen R, Orth M, Ridding MC, Stinear C, et al. Consensus paper on short-interval intracortical inhibition and other transcranial magnetic stimulation intracortical paradigms in movement disorders. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(3):183–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.005
- Chen R. Interactions between inhibitory and excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154(1):1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1684-1
- Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U. The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex. Front Neural Circuits. 2013;7:18. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00018
- Chong BW, Stinear CM. Modulation of motor cortex inhibition during motor imagery. J Neurophysiol. 2017;117(4):1776–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00549.2016
- Curra A, Modugno N, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M, Hallett M, Berardelli A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation. Neurology. 2002;59(12):1851–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000038744.30298.D4
- Poston B, Kukke SN, Paine RW, Francis S, Hallett M. Cortical silent period duration and its implications for surround inhibition of a hand muscle. Eur J Neurosci. 2012;36(7):2964–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08212.x
- Ni Z, Gunraj C, Chen R. Short interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation during the silent period in human. J Physiol. 2007;583(Pt 3):971–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135749
- Kofler M. Functional organization of exteroceptive inhibition following nociceptive electrical fingertip stimulation in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(6):973–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00060-9
- Floeter MK. Cutaneous silent periods. Muscle Nerve. 2003;28(4):391–401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10447
- Vasko P, Bocek V, Mencl L, Haninec P, Stetkarova I. Preserved cutaneous silent period in cervical root avulsion. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(2):175–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000053
- Kimberley TJ, Borich MR, Prochaska KD, Mundfrom SL, Perkins AE, Poepping JM. Establishing the definition and inter-rater reliability of cortical silent period calculation in subjects with focal hand dystonia and healthy controls. Neurosci Lett. 2009;464(2):84–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.029
- Kofler M, Kumru H, Stetkarova I, Schindler C, Fuhr P. Muscle force up to 50% of maximum does not affect cutaneous silent periods in thenar muscles. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(9):2025–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.06.005
- Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60658-3
- Cohen LG, Roth BJ, Nilsson J, Dang N, Panizza M, Bandinelli S, et al. Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1990;75(4):350–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(90)90113-X
- Kimiskidis VK, Potoupnis M, Papagiannopoulos SK, Dimopoulos G, Kazis DA, Markou K, et al. Idiopathic scoliosis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007;7(2):155–60.
- Sainburg RL. Convergent models of handedness and brain lateralization. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1092. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01092
- Greenhouse I, Sias A, Labruna L, Ivry RB. Nonspecific inhibition of the motor system during response preparation. J Neurosci. 2015;35(30):10675–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1436-15.2015
- Farahpour N, Younesian H, Bahrpeyma F. Electromyographic activity of erector spinae and external oblique muscles during trunk lateral bending and axial rotation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy subjects. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(5):411–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.018
- Cheng JC, Guo X, Sher AH, Chan YL, Metreweli C. Correlation between curve severity, somatosensory evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(16):1679–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199908150-00009
- Maruyama A, Matsunaga K, Tanaka N, Rothwell JC. Muscle fatigue decreases short-interval intracortical inhibition after exhaustive intermittent tasks. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(4):864–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.019
- Arias P, Robles-Garcia V, Corral-Bergantinos Y, Madrid A, Espinosa N, Valls-Sole J, et al. Central fatigue induced by short-lasting finger tapping and isometric tasks: a study of silent periods evoked at spinal and supraspinal levels. Neuroscience. 2015;305:316–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.081
- Garvey MA, Gilbert DL. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2004;8(1):7–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2003.11.002
- Garvey MA, Ziemann U, Bartko JJ, Denckla MB, Barker CA, Wassermann EM. Cortical correlates of neuromotor development in healthy children. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(9):1662–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00130-5