Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in diseases: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies

References

• Chi H. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and immune regulation: trafficking and beyond. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera J, Proia RL, Olivera A. The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:753–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo YJ, Alexander S, Hahm B. Does cytokine signaling link sphingolipid metabolism to host defense and immunity against virus infections? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel S, Milstien S. The outs and the ins of sphingosine-1-phosphate in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:403–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang SY, Dusaban SS, Brown JH. Lysophospholipid receptor activation of RhoA and lipid signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1831:213–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Autocrine and paracrine roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Kalari SK, Usatyuk PV, et al. Intracellular generation of sphingosine 1-phosphate in human lung endothelial cells: role of lipid phosphate phosphatase-1 and sphingosine kinase 1. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:14165–14177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault CR, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. An overview of sphingolipid metabolism: from synthesis to breakdown. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;688:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyrst H, Saba JD. An update on sphingosine-1-phosphate and other sphingolipid mediators. Nat Chem Biol. 2010;6:489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero M, Urbano M, Zhao J, et al. Discovery, design and synthesis of novel potent and selective sphingosine-1-phosphate 4 receptor (S1P(4)-R) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22:537–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaho VA, Hla T. An update on the biology of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(8):1596–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford C, Childs S, Ohotski J, et al. Regulation of cell survival by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1 via reciprocal ERK-dependent suppression of Bim and PI-3-kinase/protein kinase C-mediated upregulation of Mcl-1. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito S, Iwaki S, Kondo R, et al. TNF-alpha production in NKT cell hybridoma is regulated by sphingosine-1-phosphate: implications for inflammation in atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis. 2014;25(4):311–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaper K, Kietzmann M, Baumer W. Sphingosine-1-phosphate differently regulates the cytokine production of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 in activated murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Mol Immunol. 2014;59:10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez SE, Harikumar KB, Hait NC, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a missing cofactor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2. Nature. 2010;465:1084–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allende ML, Sipe LM, Tuymetova G, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 regulates keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:18381–18391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yester JW, Tizazu E, Harikumar KB, et al. Extracellular and intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011;30:577–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hait NC, Allegood J, Maceyka M, et al. Regulation of histone acetylation in the nucleus by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Science. 2009;325:1254–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang J, Nagahashi M, Kim EY, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate links persistent STAT3 activation, chronic intestinal inflammation and development of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Cell. 2013;23:107–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao C, Obeid LM. Ceramidases: regulators of cellular responses mediated by ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1781:424–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito M, Okino N, Tani M. New insight into the structure, reaction mechanism and biological functions of neutral ceramidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1841(5):682–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch J, Gartner S, Li CM, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a full-length complementary DNA encoding human acid ceramidase. Identification of the first molecular lesion causing Farber disease. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:33110–33115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Bawab S, Roddy P, Qian T, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human mitochondrial ceramidase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:21508–21513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Sun W, Jin J, et al. Role of alkaline ceramidases in the generation of sphingosine and its phosphate in erythrocytes. FASEB J. 2010;24:2507–2515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okino N, He X, Gatt S, et al. The reverse activity of human acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:29948–29953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucki NC, Bandyopadhyay S, Wang E, et al. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) is a global regulator of steroidogenic capacity and adrenocortical gene expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2012;26:228–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucki NC, Li D, Bandyopadhyay S, et al. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) represses steroidogenic factor 1-dependent gene transcription in H295R human adrenocortical cells by binding to the receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;32:4419–4431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani M, Okino N, Mitsutake S, et al. Purification and characterization of a neutral ceramidase from mouse liver. A single protein catalyzes the reversible reaction in which ceramide is both hydrolyzed and synthesized. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:3462–3468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kono M, Dreier JL, Ellis JM, et al. Neutral ceramidase encoded by the Asah2 gene is essential for the intestinal degradation of sphingolipids. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:7324–7331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun W, Jin J, Xu R, et al. Substrate specificity, membrane topology and activity regulation of human alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2). J Biol Chem. 2010;285:8995–9007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Jin J, Hu W, et al. Golgi alkaline ceramidase regulates cell proliferation and survival by controlling levels of sphingosine and S1P. FASEB J. 2006;20:1813–1825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu W, Xu R, Sun W, et al. Alkaline ceramidase 3 (ACER3) hydrolyzes unsaturated long-chain ceramides and its down-regulation inhibits both cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:7964–7976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melendez AJ. Sphingosine kinase signalling in immune cells: potential as novel therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1784:66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siow DL, Anderson CD, Berdyshev EV, et al. Intracellular localization of sphingosine kinase 1 alters access to substrate pools but does not affect the degradative fate of sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Lipid Res. 2010;51:2546–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maceyka M, Sankala H, Hait NC, et al. SphK1 and SphK2, sphingosine kinase isoenzymes with opposing functions in sphingolipid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:37118–37129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivera A, Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as second messenger in cell proliferation induced by PDGF and FCS mitogens. Nature. 1993;365:557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edsall LC, Pirianov GG, Spiegel S. Involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in nerve growth factor-mediated neuronal survival and differentiation. J Neurosci. 1997;17:6952–6960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rius RA, Edsall LC, Spiegel S. Activation of sphingosine kinase in pheochromocytoma PC12 neuronal cells in response to trophic factors. FEBS Lett. 1997;417:173–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu X, Wu W, Mosteller RD, et al. Sphingosine kinase mediates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of ras and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:7758–7768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia P, Gamble JR, Rye KA, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:14196–14201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitson SM, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, et al. Expression of a catalytically inactive sphingosine kinase mutant blocks agonist-induced sphingosine kinase activation. A dominant-negative sphingosine kinase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:33945–33950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar S, Maceyka M, Hait NC, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 is required for migration, proliferation and survival of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:5313–5317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hait NC, Sarkar S, Le Stunff H, et al. Role of sphingosine kinase 2 in cell migration toward epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:29462–29469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KR, Becker KP, Facchinetti MM, et al. PKC-dependent activation of sphingosine kinase 1 and translocation to the plasma membrane. Extracellular release of sphingosine-1-phosphate induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). J Biol Chem. 2002;277:35257–35262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandala SM. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Phosphatases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2001;64:143–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa C, Kihara A, Gokoh M, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:1268–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Stunff H, Peterson C, Thornton R, et al. Characterization of murine sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:8920–8927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandala SM, Thornton R, Galve-Roperh I, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:7859–7864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Stunff H, Galve-Roperh I, Peterson C, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase in regulation of sphingolipid metabolism and apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 2002;158:1039–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giussani P, Maceyka M, Le Stunff H, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:5055–5069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechtcheriakova D, Wlachos A, Sobanov J, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate phosphatase 2 is induced during inflammatory responses. Cell Signal. 2007;19:748–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KR, Johnson KY, Becker KP, et al. Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:34541–34547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maceyka M, Harikumar KB, Milstien S, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and its role in disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2012;22:50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne S, Pyne NJ. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling in mammalian cells. Biochem J. 2000;349:385–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra M, Saba JD. Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, a key regulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and function. Adv Enzyme Regul. 2010;50:349–362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez T, Hla T. Structural and functional characteristics of S1P receptors. J Cell Biochem. 2004;92:913–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skon CN, Lee JY, Anderson KG, et al. Transcriptional downregulation of S1pr1 is required for the establishment of resident memory CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:1285–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobia C, Chiodelli P, Nicoli S, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 controls venous endothelial barrier integrity in zebrafish. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:e104–e116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichand B, Weis N, Weigert A, et al. Apoptotic cells enhance sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 dependent macrophage migration. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:3306–3313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debien E, Mayol K, Biajoux V, et al. S1PR5 is pivotal for the homeostasis of patrolling monocytes. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:1667–1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garris CS, Wu L, Acharya S, et al. Defective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P) phosphorylation exacerbates T17-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(11):1166–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoura A, Sanchez T, Claffey K, et al. Essential role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in pathological angiogenesis of the mouse retina. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:2506–2516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters RJ, Wang HG, Sung SS, et al. Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in cancer. Acamc. 2011;11:810–817.
   Google Scholar
• Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:489–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dev KK, Mullershausen F, Mattes H, et al. Brain sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: implication for FTY720 in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;117:77–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng H, Lee VM. Differential expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors 1-5 in the developing nervous system. Dev Dyn. 2009;238:487–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzer T, Chiossone L, Chaix J, et al. Natural killer cell trafficking in vivo requires a dedicated sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:1337–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeloth N, Schippers A, Wagner N, et al. Sphingosine-1 phosphate signaling regulates positioning of dendritic cells within the spleen. J Immunol. 2007;179:5855–5863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saier MH Jr., Beatty JT, Goffeau A, et al. The major facilitator superfamily. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;1:257–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hisano Y, Kobayashi N, Kawahara A, et al. The sphingosine 1-phosphate transporter, SPNS2, functions as a transporter of the phosphorylated form of the immunomodulating agent FTY720. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:1758–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara A, Nishi T, Hisano Y, et al. The sphingolipid transporter spns2 functions in migration of zebrafish myocardial precursors. Science. 2009;323:524–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabe K, Kim RH, Allegood JC, et al. Estradiol induces export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from breast cancer cells via ABCC1 and ABCG2. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:10477–10486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi N, Yamaguchi A, Nishi T. Characterization of the ATP-dependent sphingosine 1-phosphate transporter in rat erythrocytes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:21192–21200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuis B, Luth A, Chun J, et al. Involvement of the ABC-transporter ABCC1 and the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype S1P(3) in the cytoprotection of human fibroblasts by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. J Mol Med. 2009;87:645–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanfin Z, Serrano-Sanchez M, Leiber D. ATP-binding cassette ABCC1 is involved in the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate from rat uterine leiomyoma ELT3 cells and late pregnant rat myometrium. Cell Signal. 2011;23:1997–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisano Y, Ota S, Takada S, et al. Functional cooperation of spns2 and fibronectin in cardiac and lower jaw development. Biol Open. 2013;2:789–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahashi M, Kim EY, Yamada A, et al. Spns2, a transporter of phosphorylated sphingoid bases, regulates their blood and lymph levels and the lymphatic network. FASEB J. 2013;27:1001–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijnik A, Clare S, Hale C, et al. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate transporter Spns2 in immune system function. J Immunol. 2012;189:102–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza A, Breart B, Ramos-Perez WD, et al. The transporter Spns2 is required for secretion of lymph but not plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell Rep. 2012;2:1104–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuhara S, Simmons S, Kawamura S, et al. The sphingosine-1-phosphate transporter Spns2 expressed on endothelial cells regulates lymphocyte trafficking in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:1416–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisano Y, Kobayashi N, Yamaguchi A, et al. Mouse SPNS2 functions as a sphingosine-1-phosphate transporter in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourquin F, Riezman H, Capitani G, et al. Structure and function of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism. Structure. 2010;18:1054–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Veldhoven PP, Mannaerts GP. Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:12502–12507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uranbileg B, Ikeda H, Kurano M, et al. Increased mRNA levels of sphingosine kinases and S1P lyase and reduced levels of S1P were observed in hepatocellular carcinoma in association with poorer differentiation and earlier recurrence. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0149462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen N, Hans M, Hartmann D, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate links glycosphingolipid metabolism to neurodegeneration via a calpain-mediated mechanism. Cell Death Differ. 2011;18:1356–1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allende ML, Bektas M, Lee BG, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase deficiency produces a pro-inflammatory response while impairing neutrophil trafficking. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:7348–7358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenezer DL, Fu P, Suryadevara V, et al. Epigenetic regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in acute lung injury: role of S1P lyase. Advances in Biological Regulation. 2017;63:156–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pyne NJ, Tonelli F, Lim KG, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012;40:94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruckhaberle E, Karn T, Denkert C, et al. Predictive value of sphingosine kinase 1 expression in neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139:1681–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theiss AL. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: driver of NFkappaB and STAT3 persistent activation in chronic intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated cancer. Jakstat. 2013;2:e24150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson C, Long JS, Orange C, et al. High expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, S1P1 and S1P3, sphingosine kinase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 is associated with development of tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:2205–2215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brizuela L, Ader I, Mazerolles C, et al. First evidence of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase protein expression and activity downregulation in human neoplasm: implication for resistance to therapeutics in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012;11:1841–1851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskouian B, Sooriyakumaran P, Borowsky AD, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:17384–17389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchida J, Nagahashi M, Nakajima M, et al. Breast cancer sphingosine-1-phosphate is associated with phospho-sphingosine kinase 1 and lymphatic metastasis. J Surg Res. 2016;205:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahashi M, Ramachandran S, Kim EY, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate produced by sphingosine kinase 1 promotes breast cancer progression by stimulating angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2012;72:726–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long JS, Fujiwara Y, Edwards J, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4 uses HER2 (ERBB2) to regulate extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:35957–35966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipenko I, Schwalm S, Reali L, et al. Upregulation of the S1P3 receptor in metastatic breast cancer cells increases migration and invasion by induction of PGE2 and EP2/EP4 activation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1861:1840–1851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsel P, Li C, Haroutunian V. Gene expression alterations in the sphingolipid metabolism pathways during progression of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a shift toward ceramide accumulation at the earliest recognizable stages of Alzheimer’s disease? Neurochem Res. 2007;32:845–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Huang Y, Li B, et al. Deregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31:398–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Li L, Sun XH. Monocytes and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull. 2011;27:115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneider NC, Lindner J, Feistritzer C, et al. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine-kinase-dependent migration of human monocytes in response to amyloid beta-protein and its precursor. FASEB J 2004;18:1309–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takasugi N, Sasaki T, Suzuki K, et al. BACE1 activity is modulated by cell-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Neurosci. 2011;31:6850–6857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YP, Mizugishi K, Bektas M, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis controls glial proliferation in mice with Sandhoff disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:2257–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura A, Ohmori T, Ohkawa R, et al. Essential roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate/S1P1 receptor axis in the migration of neural stem cells toward a site of spinal cord injury. Stem Cells. 2007;25:115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snider AJ, Ruiz P, Obeid LM, et al. Inhibition of sphingosine kinase-2 in a murine model of lupus nephritis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson L, Tullus K, Marks SD, et al. Increased serum concentration of sphingosine-1-phosphate in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol. 2012;32:1019–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai WQ, Chia FL, Leung BP. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: novel therapeutic targets of rheumatoid arthritis? Future Med Chem. 2012;4:727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi X, Tan SY, Hayes M, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1-mediated inhibition of Fas death signaling in rheumatoid arthritis B lymphoblastoid cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:754–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamada K, Arita N, Tsubaki T, et al. Expression of sphingosine kinase 2 in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis contributing to apoptosis by a sphingosine analogue, FTY720. Pathol Int. 2009;59:382–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai WQ, Irwan AW, Goh HH, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of sphingosine kinase modulation in inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol. 2008;181:8010–8017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitano M, Hla T, Sekiguchi M, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 signaling in rheumatoid synovium: regulation of synovial proliferation and inflammatory gene expression. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:742–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rub A, Dey R, Jadhav M, et al. Cholesterol depletion associated with leishmania major infection alters macrophage CD40 signalosome composition and effector function. Nat Immunol. 2009;10:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer-Janssen YP, van Galen J, Batenburg JJ, et al. Lipids in host-pathogen interactions: pathogens exploit the complexity of the host cell lipidome. Prog Lipid Res. 2010;49:1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arish M, Husein A, Kashif M, et al. Orchestration of membrane receptor signaling by membrane lipids. Biochimie 2015;113:111–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arish M, Husein A, Kashif M, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling: unraveling its role as a drug target against infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today. 2016;21:133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rub A, Arish M, Husain SA, et al. Host-lipidome as a potential target of protozoan parasites. Microbes Infect. 2013;15:649–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumder S, Dey R, Bhattacharjee S, et al. Leishmania-induced biphasic ceramide generation in macrophages is crucial for uptake and survival of the parasite. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1607–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xie P, Sun M, et al. S1PR1 expression correlates with inflammatory responses to Newcastle disease virus infection. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;37:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machesky NJ, Zhang G, Raghavan B, et al. Human cytomegalovirus regulates bioactive sphingolipids. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:26148–26160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo YJ, Pritzl CJ, Vijayan M, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 serves as a pro-viral factor by regulating viral RNA synthesis and nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complex upon influenza virus infection. PLoS One. 2013;8:e75005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YI, Yang JY, Ko HJ, et al. Shigella flexneri inhibits intestinal inflammation by modulation of host sphingosine-1-phosphate in mice. Immune Netw. 2014;14:100–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prakash H, Luth A, Grinkina N, et al. Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK-1) regulates Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in macrophages. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryland LK, Fox TE, Liu X, et al. Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011;11:138–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddoughi SA, Song P, Ogretmen B. Roles of bioactive sphingolipids in cancer biology and therapeutics. Subcell Biochem. 2008;49:413–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schnute ME, McReynolds MD, Kasten T, et al. Modulation of cellular S1P levels with a novel, potent and specific inhibitor of sphingosine kinase-1. Biochem J. 2012;444:79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrad M, Imbert C, Garcia V, et al. Downregulation of sphingosine kinase-1 induces protective tumor immunity by promoting M1 macrophage response in melanoma. Oncotarget. 2016; 44:71873–71886.
   Google Scholar
• Aoki H, Aoki M, Katsuta E, et al. Host sphingosine kinase 1 worsens pancreatic cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Surg Res. 2016;205:510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang LS, Berdyshev E, Mathew B, et al. Targeting sphingosine kinase 1 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J. 2013;27:1749–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankala HM, Hait NC, Paugh SW, et al. Involvement of sphingosine kinase 2 in p53-independent induction of p21 by the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Cancer Res. 2007;67:10466–10474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao P, Smith CD. Ablation of sphingosine kinase-2 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration. Mol Cancer Res. 2011;9:1509–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French KJ, Zhuang Y, Maines LW, et al. Pharmacology and antitumor activity of ABC294640, a selective inhibitor of sphingosine kinase-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;333:129–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke JN, Davies LK, Calvert JK, et al. Reduction in sphingosine kinase 1 influences the susceptibility to dengue virus infection by altering antiviral responses. T J Gen Virol. 2016;97:95–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayan M, Seo YJ, Pritzl CJ, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates measles virus replication. Virology. 2014;450-451:55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai L, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Voelkel-Johnson C, et al. Sphingosine kinase-2 maintains viral latency and survival for KSHV-infected endothelial cells. PLoS One. 2014;9:e102314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid SP, Tritsch SR, Kota K, et al. Sphingosine kinase 2 is a chikungunya virus host factor co-localized with the viral replication complex. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2015;4:e61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colie S, Van Veldhoven PP, Kedjouar B, et al. Disruption of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase confers resistance to chemotherapy and promotes oncogenesis through Bcl-2/Bcl-xL upregulation. Cancer Res. 2009;69:9346–9353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss U, Oskouian B, Zhou J, et al. Sphingosine-phosphate lyase enhances stress-induced ceramide generation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:1281–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosconati S, Novellino E. The first sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase inhibitors against multiple sclerosis: a successful drug discovery tale. J Med Chem. 2014;57:5072–5073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagdanoff JT, Donoviel MS, Nouraldeen A, et al. Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. J Med Chem. 2009;52:3941–3953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billich A, Baumruker T, Beerli C, et al. Partial deficiency of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase confers protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, Cahalan S, et al. Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell. 2011;146:980–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skerry C, Scanlon K, Rosen H, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonism reduces Bordetella pertussis-mediated lung pathology. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1883–1886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsolais D, Hahm B, Walsh KB, et al. A critical role for the sphingosine analog AAL-R in dampening the cytokine response during influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:1560–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheu MP, Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, et al. Three phases of CD8 T cell response in the lung following H1N1 influenza infection and sphingosine 1 phosphate agonist therapy. PLoS One. 2013;8:e58033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldstone MB, Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, et al. Dissecting influenza virus pathogenesis uncovers a novel chemical approach to combat the infection. Virology. 2013;435:92–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custodio R, McLean CJ, Scott AE, et al. Characterization of secreted sphingosine-1-phosphate lyases required for virulence and intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Mol Microbiol. 2016;102:1004–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asle-Rousta M, Oryan S, Ahmadiani A, et al. Activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 by SEW2871 improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease model rats. EXCLI J. 2013;12:449–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komiya T, Sato K, Shioya H, et al. Efficacy and immunomodulatory actions of ONO-4641, a novel selective agonist for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1 and 5, in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171:54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takasugi N, Sasaki T, Ebinuma I, et al. FTY720/fingolimod, a sphingosine analogue, reduces amyloid-beta production in neurons. PLoS One. 2013;8:e64050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZY, Zug C, Schluesener HJ. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 suppresses rat experimental autoimmune prostatitis. Scand J Immunol. 2011;73:546–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne SG, Oskeritzian CA, Griffiths R, et al. The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Blood. 2007;109:1077–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinschewer DD, Ochsenbein AF, Odermatt B, et al. FTY720 immunosuppression impairs effector T cell peripheral homing without affecting induction, expansion and memory. J Immunol. 2000;164:5761–5770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premenko-Lanier M, Moseley NB, Pruett ST, et al. Transient FTY720 treatment promotes immune-mediated clearance of a chronic viral infection. Nature. 2008;454:894–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii Y, Hirayama T, Ohtake H, et al. Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by a novel S1P1 antagonist with immunomodulatory activities. J Immunol. 2012;188:206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imasawa T, Koike K, Ishii I, et al. Blockade of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 signaling attenuates streptozotocin-induced apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;392:207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japtok L, Schmitz EI, Fayyaz S, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate counteracts insulin signaling in pancreatic beta-cells via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 2. FASEB J. 2015;29:3357–3369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirata N, Yamada S, Shoda T, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes expansion of cancer stem cells via S1PR3 by a ligand-independent notch activation. Nat Comms. 2014;5:4806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visentin B, Vekich JA, Sibbald BJ, et al. Validation of an anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate antibody as a potential therapeutic in reducing growth, invasion and angiogenesis in multiple tumor lineages. Cancer Cell. 2006;9:225–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero S, Swaney J, Moreno K, et al. Anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate monoclonal antibodies inhibit angiogenesis and sub-retinal fibrosis in a murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie B, Shen J, Dong A, et al. Blockade of sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces macrophage influx and retinal and choroidal neovascularization. J Cell Physiol. 2009;218:192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar