References
- Schacke H, Docke WD, Asadullah K. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther. 2002;96:23–43.
- Weinstein RS. Clinical practice glucocorticoid-induced bone disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:62–70.
- Kerachian MA, Seguin C, Harvey EJ. Glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a new understanding of the mechanisms of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009;114:121–128.
- den Uyl D, Bultink IE, Lems WF. Advances in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13:233–240.
- Yang M, Huang Y, Chen J, et al. Activation of AMPK participates hydrogen sulfide-induced cyto-protective effect against dexamethasone in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;454:42–47.
- La Corte R, Trotta F, Adami S. Glucocorticoid receptors and bone. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16:3586–3592.
- Frenkel B, White W, Tuckermann J. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;872:179–215.
- Cantley LC. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science. 2002;296:1655–1657.
- Li L, Xia Y, Wang Z, et al. Suppression of the PI3K-Akt pathway is involved in the decreased adhesion and migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from non-obese diabetic mice. Cell Biol Int. 2011;35:961–966.
- Gu YX, Du J, Si MS, et al. The roles of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in regulating MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast proliferation and differentiation on SLA and SLActive titanium surfaces . J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013;101:748–754.
- Peng XD, Xu PZ, Chen ML, et al. Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone development, and impeded adipogenesis in mice lacking Akt1 and Akt2. Genes Dev. 2003;17:1352–1365.
- Ulici V, Hoenselaar KD, Agoston H, et al. The role of Akt1 in terminal stages of endochondral bone formation: angiogenesis and ossification. Bone. 2009;45:1133–1145.
- Wang J, Ma XY, Feng YF, et al. Magnesium ions promote the biological behaviour of rat calvarial osteoblasts by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017;179:284–293.
- Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Xin N, et al. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes osteogenesis by promoting Wnt signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;174:153–160.
- Guo S, Mao L, Ji F, et al. Activating AMP-activated protein kinase by an α1 selective activator compound 13 attenuates dexamethasone-induced osteoblast cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;471:545–552.
- Shen C, Kim MR, Noh JM, et al. Glucocorticoid suppresses connexin 43 expression by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016;99:88–97.
- Lu SY, Wang CY, Jin Y, et al. The osteogenesis-promoting effects of alpha-lipoic acid against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through the NOX4, NF-kappaB, JNK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3331.
- Chen Z, Xue J, Shen T, et al. Curcumin alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2016;37:329–338.
- Albaum JM, Levesque LE, Gershon AS, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis management among seniors, by year, sex, and indication, 1996–2012. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:2845–2852.
- Feng M, Zhang R, Gong F, et al. Protective effects of necrostatin-1 on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144B:455–462.
- Gu C, Fu L, Yuan X, et al. Promoting effect of pinostrobin on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Molecules. 2017;22:1735.
- Hu XK, Yin XH, Zhang HQ, et al. Liraglutide attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by modulating AMPK/mTOR signaling. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14:3662–3668.
- Zhang YL, Yin JH, Ding H, et al. Protective effect of VK2 on glucocorticoid-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Mol Med. 2017;39:160–166.
- Han J, Wang W. Effects of tanshinol on markers of bone turnover in ovariectomized rats and osteoblast cultures. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0181175.
- Zhang Y, Zeng X, Zhang L, et al. Stimulatory effect of puerarin on bone formation through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in rat calvaria osteoblasts. Planta Med. 2007;73:341–347.
- Tang CH, Yang RS, Huang TH, et al. Ultrasound stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and increases bone formation through integrin, focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt pathway in osteoblasts. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;69:2047–2057.
- Wang FS, Wu RW, Ko JY, et al. Heat shock protein 60 protects skeletal tissue against glucocorticoid-induced bone mass loss by regulating osteoblast survival. Bone. 2011;49:1080–1089.